1 50 34 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource This project was done in conjunction with two others: Kentucky County Judges and Kentucky Newspapers. The purpose of the three projects was to document Kentucky politics by interviewing politically astute members of the local power structure (judges and school superintendents) and observers of local politics (newspaper editors and owners). School superintendents discuss Kentucky politics, education, their personal histories and careers, and their roles and influence in the social and political history of their counties. Almost every county is represented. A revisit of the project was launched in the fall of 2019 with the help of Kentucky Oral History Commission grant funding and the efforts of Nate Daniels and Crystal Allen-Daniels. Additional interviews will be added as second phase interviews are collected and processed into the collection. Title A name given to the resource Kentucky School Superintendents Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Berge, William H. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Caudill, James Location The location of the interview. Hazard, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :49:30 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. no XML This field is for OHMS XML files 1979oh224-caudill.xml Funding Source Includes the funding source of the original project, indexes, transcriptions and digitization if funded outside EKU. Input as: transcription: KOHC etc. Funded and indexed by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. Indexer Crystal Allen-Daniels OHMS Object This field contains the OHMS Hyperlink (link to the XML file within the OHMS Viewer). https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=1979oh224-caudill.xml Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1979oh224 Title A name given to the resource Interview with James Caudill Description An account of the resource In this interview, James Caudill, Superintendent of Hazard Independent Schools, discusses his education, athletic career, his decision to become a Superintendent, as well as many other issues revolving around his job as Superintendent. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/30/1979 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish. athletics faculty family integration parents School Board Elections School Board Members Vocational Education https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/b4523a0409b81704fa5bd5d1dee36e2e.mp3 672f6b74481d7d289a00e616dc11de75 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Fannin, Dakota Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Shirey, Benton D. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:56:58 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Benton D. Shirey Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 042 Description An account of the resource Benton D. Shirey discusses his time in the United States Navy. In particular, Shirey comments on his time in the Medical Corps, his training, how it effected his family life, the Reagan Era military, and what it was like to serve during the Cold War. He also discusses his thoughts on the difficulties of returning to civilian life, and the services available for the Veterans who struggle with the transition. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. basic training Civilian life Cold War family medic military military life Politics Reagan Era United States Navy veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/7bfcbb68961ded9d0a7b5e90dad8fadd.pdf bbbebbc0fb955b5e451fb46411aeaccc PDF Text Text Title: Identifier: Date: Interviewer: Project: Interview with Christine Davis 1984 OH 079 1984-10-12 William H. Berge Blue Heron Coal Camps The following is an unedited transcript of an oral history interview. Please listen to the actual interview to verify the accuracy of the text. UNKNOWN: The following is an unrehearsed taped interview with Christine Davis. The interview was conducted by Dr. William Berge for the Oral History Center at Eastern Kentucky University. The interview was conducted at Connelly Bottom Resort Area on October 12, 1984 at 10 o’clock AM. WILLIAM BERGE: Christine, I guess you don’t mind if you call you Christine, I want to thank you for talking with me about it. Let’s do the same with you as we did with Hoyatt. You tell me your name and where you were born and when. I know women don’t mind telling when they were born and all that kind of stuff and then we’ll talk about, you can tell me when you first saw Mine 18 and why you saw it so early and all that kind of business. CHRISTINE DAVIS: Ok. Um, my name is Christine Frady. My dad was Claude Frady that was killed. I’ve heared a lot of stories about how he was killed. He was a deputy sheriff and . . . well, I’ve heared different stories about it but the best I remember was he was a deputy sheriff and he was, I heard later on that he doing some work for the company and he, well, you don’t know, you don’t want to know the how but anyway I know we grew up as orphans and we were, I was born in ?, Kentucky which was up around Fidelity someplace, I don’t know what house or anything but I was born August 24th, 1930 and I remember living there and I remember living on what they called Trace Branch. But the first, you don’t want to know anything about my childhood. The first I remember seeing Mine 18 was my foster dad was ? Waters and we lived up on top of the mountain which was called Bald Knob. And he was the night watchman down there and we’d get to go down and spend the night. He had a little house, a camp, a little house, a batchhouse, he called it. BERGE: Alright. Now, let, you can tell me this all over again so I’ll have it in one continuous thing . . . DAVIS: Ok. BERGE: but when you’re talking about he was a night watchman down there, you mean at Mine 18. DAVIS: Yeah. When they first started . . . BERGE: Alright. Is Bald Knob the same as Beech Grove? HOYATT DAVIS: Mm hmm. DAVIS: Yeah, I guess so. HOYATT: It’s the same ? It’s the same ? Page 1 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �BERGE: It’s a, people talk about that area and their talking about the same area. Ok. DAVIS: Ok. Bald Knob was a house right at the top of the hill going up from Mine 18. There was just a little path, there was no way to drive a car up there, it was just a little path. And then Beech Grove was on around, maybe two or three miles around there? HOYATT: Mm hmm. DAVIS: Is that right? The best I remember is when I was just a little girl. HOYATT: Well, I think you better reverse that though. Beech Grove was before you get to Bald Knob. Bald Knob was on out where you went to school. You went to school at Bald Knob. DAVIS: Ok. HOYATT: So this was . . . BERGE: That’s what I mean. When people talk about that, I get the idea they’re telling me about the same place and they use the words interchangeably. Is that right? HOYATT: Well, Beech Grove Church was just back towards where she was raised, where she stayed, lived with ( ) and Lilly Waters. BERGE: Well, ( ) Waters lived out in there too, didn’t he? HOYATT: He was on back in there. BERGE: Ok. HOYATT: Right. BERGE: Ok. Ok. HOYATT: Back in the old Water’s place there. Now that’s back, Bald Knob was where the school was on out a little farther what they called Bald Knob . . . BERGE: Later on those people came to school down at Blue Heron. DAVIS: Mm hmm. HOYATT: Right. That’s right. BERGE: Ok. Now tell me, like when, when ( ) went down there to be like a night watchman and where that little house was, that batchhouse and all that kind of stuff and then start telling me about seeing the tipple being built. Page 2 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �DAVIS: I think this was in about ’30 probably ’39, late ‘30s was when he was a night watchman down there because he did work at Fidelity until they started this down there so he was chosen to be the night watchman when they started building the place and he built just a one-, little one-room shack for his batchhouse and we would go down, my foster mother and I, we’d go down and spend the night with him sometimes because . . . BERGE: Do you remember where the shack was? DAVIS: Yeah. It was right down about where the store was. And then if he heared a little noise during the night, he’d have to get out and go see what it was. Just a little pecking or anything, he’d have to get out and go and we was scared, you know, I remember just sitting there in a panic wondering if he’s coming back because we didn’t know if someone was trying to steal something but it was his duty to go see about it. I wasn’t very old then. I was only eight. Seven or eight years old when he first started down there. BERGE: Do you remember when you first saw Hoyatt? DAVIS: Yeah. BERGE: Like when would that have been and how? DAVIS: That was in, the first time I saw him, that I knew who he was, was when I was a little girl. We was afraid to go past their house. [laughter] DAVIS: Because they were mean, they had, they throwed rocks at people. [laughter] DAVIS: My mother would take us, this was back when where we left Fidelity, when I was . . . BERGE: Oh so you knew him way back then. Ok. Ok. DAVIS: Yeah. Just knew of Charlie Davis’ family. BERGE: Uh huh. DAVIS: The boys, there were a whole bunch of them and it was hard for the mother to keep up with them and they threw rocks at people that went down the railroad past their house. HOYATT: That must have been the older boys. I was always the best one, I guess. BERGE: Yeah. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 3 �DAVIS: But the first time I ever knew him personally or singled him out was he singled me out. We, I was going down to Mine 18 with my aunt, I was going down to stay with my uncle and aunt, Arnold Ledbetter, and he was helping his dad build a pig pen. BERGE: Where was the pig pen? DAVIS: On the side of the hill just above the house down at . . . HOYATT: What they called . . . DAVIS: Comargo. HOYATT: Down below Comargo at, what they called Bridge One. BERGE: Ok. Ok. That’s when you lived down there. HOYATT: That’s where we moved to when we came back from Indiana. BERGE: Ok. Ok. DAVIS: But then I didn’t see him anymore until July of, the first part of July that I recall of when they had one of the big festivals of Fourth of July picnic or something. It wasn’t Fourth of July because they always had the carnival out, that was our big event . . . BERGE: Yeah but they did have the Fourth of July thing down at Blue Heron a couple of times. DAVIS: Yeah. HOYATT: That was a K&T picnic. That’s what it was. DAVIS: Mm hmm. And this was in ’45. BERGE: About a year before you married? DAVIS: ’46. July ’46. BERGE: Oh, the year you married. DAVIS: Yes. I was down there with another boyfriend and he picked at me all day and he, you know, took me away from ? BERGE: I guess that’s the reason, that’s the thing I was wanting to find out now. You know, its very hard for most people who were raised then, because, you know, we’re the same age and I was raised and not, not in a rural area but the little town where I was raised was almost like a city compared to where you all were raised. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 4 �DAVIS: Mm hmm. Yeah. BERGE: That’s what I was wondering. How did, like courting, how did people meet and where did they meet and what did they do? For instance, I’ve never talked to a girl down there, from down there, who was raised there, who can ever remember going to a dance. DAVIS: Mm hmm. BERGE: Or anything like that. DAVIS: There was no dances to go to. That was, if you went . . . HOYATT: That was outlawed ? BERGE: Yeah, yeah, yeah. DAVIS: If you went to a dance you was, . . . BERGE: You were banned. DAVIS: you didn’t go to ball games either. There was no such thing as going to a ball game. BERGE: Yeah. DAVIS: The only place we got to go was to church and to the movie. We got to go to the movies be they had to be well chaperoned. I mean, the only time I was allowed to go to a movie with him was when Grace and Evelyn come out to go with me so . . . BERGE: So you really knew her, you knew who she was then when you started to pay attention to her already. You already knew who she was. HOYATT: When I first seen her, now I had forgotten about her, I didn’t remember her from childhood, you know. BERGE: When you threw rocks at her. HOYATT: And when she came over the mountain she was walking and no I don’t remember throwing rocks at her. When she came over the mountain I remember very well. I guess you would call it love at first sight, you know. I guess that’s what you would call it. But we were building a pig pen like she said there and I remember what she wore, I mean the dress she had on at that time. And boy, I was just, I just thought she was the prettiest woman in the world, you know. So I still have to say that because she’s sitting this close, you know. BERGE: Yeah, yeah. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 5 �HOYATT: But anyway this is the way, then I, I don’t know, I just wanted to date here. I mean, if she would date me, you know. BERGE: Yeah. Yeah. Well like for instance, like when you two started to date or you called it dating, you met on that day when you had, when you were there with another boyfriend. Then did you two start keeping company right then? HOYATT: No. DAVIS: No. Not until my, another aunt, see, I was by being an orphan, when one of my aunts . . . BERGE: You almost had more relatives than anybody because you had foster relatives as well as relatives. DAVIS: Well, I was, I stayed with my, after my foster parents and my, I got to go stay with my grand parents a lot and when they need a hard girl, when one of my aunts needed someone, a new baby coming along or something and needed extra help, why, I was always floating, you know, they’d come after me. So this other aunt, Gerty, was, I think she was expecting or she’d been sick a lot and I’d go down, get to go down two days a week and do her laundry and ironing . . . BERGE: Of course you’d seen miners and then you’re right there at the tipple. DAVIS: Yeah but, but there was a revival going on so that was just great, you know. I got to go to church while I was down there. So that’s really when I met him. He asked to walk me home from church. ( ) BERGE: Were you one of those guys that hung around outside the church or were you going to church then? DAVIS: One night I heard this little noise at the door and it was a little hissing noise and, you know, I raised up, that’s when they were down praying so I raised up and looked and he was standing at the door motioning for me to scoot over in my seat. So I scooted over and he slipped in and set beside of me and asked if he could walk me home. And back out before they got through praying. HOYATT: Had to be fast. BERGE: Uh huh. DAVIS: So from that on, why, we kept in contact and that was the revival we were saved in. BERGE: Did you ever have any real dates like, what did, where did you go or what’d do when you two were courting like what was there to . . . DAVIS: To the movie. BERGE: Where’d you go to the movie? Page 6 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �DAVIS: To Stearns. BERGE: Did you go with other young couples or did you go by yourself or how’d you do that? DAVIS: We never went by ourselves. HOYATT: Wasn’t permitted. She wasn’t permitted to go unless somebody went along with her. BERGE: Uh huh. Like who would go with you? DAVIS: Uh, Grace, my cousin, Grace Waters and Evelyn and, because my grandparents were really strict, we didn’t go anyplace. BERGE: Who were your friends, Hoyatt? Who were the fellows you hung around with? HOYATT: Well, before I was saved, it was, the best friend I had, I guess that we run around together was Clayman Marlowe. Clayman and me were real good friends. Then I was a little bit, you know, I, of course, Christine never went to dance or anything but before I was saved, why, I’d stay all night at dances out on the mountains on up there where the law couldn’t get into us too much and I don’t want to call a name but some of the finest people I ever knew they were, they had a lot of fun and most of them now, I got to be in church with one last Sunday at White Oak Junction. One that, you know, that we used to dance maybe all night and about all night but that dancing was tap dancing or square dancing . . . BERGE: Clog dancing and that kind of stuff. HOYATT: Yeah. Yeah. Everybody had a good time. Of course everybody had to mind their own business, see, everybody had a good time. Maybe we’d just have a banjo. I don’t remember. We had one little girl in this home and I don’t want to call no name but their, she wore overalls all the time and she could play the banjo better than anybody there. And she’d play a while and then she’d quit and, what’s the matter, we want some more music. Somebody roll me a cigarette. So we’d roll a cigarette and let her smoke and then she’d play again for us, you know. And it was really, as I look back over it, I don’t understand a lot of things and we had a lot of fun and that’s all it was, you know. BERGE: Yeah. HOYATT: All it was back in there. BERGE: Let me just ask you two when, you were about, you were 16 when you got married. Well, 17, just 17. DAVIS: Yeah. 16. BERGE: Yeah. 16. Was that early for then or was about average? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 7 �DAVIS: That was about average or, my mother married at 12 and my aunt Lilly married, I think when she was 12. But this was . . . BERGE: About for your time, that was about average. DAVIS: Yeah. Mm hmm. BERGE: When you all decided to get married, who’d you tell? DAVIS: I didn’t tell anybody. Because I was afraid grandpa wouldn’t permit it. [laughter] BERGE: Did you tell anybody? HOYATT: Yeah. I told my parents, yeah. I told my parents. BERGE: Where did you get married? HOYATT: Where did we get married? At Stearns at, a fellow by the name of Williams was the magister. We got married at Stearns. BERGE: Who was with you? HOYATT: My dad had to be with me because I wasn’t old enough to get married without him being with me and also . . . BERGE: You were just 17, weren’t you? DAVIS: Mm hmm. HOYATT: I was 18. BERGE: 18. Well just 18 though. HOYATT: Yes. BERGE: Because of your birthday. DAVIS: A couple of days before I told my Aunt Dorothy and she come out and went with me as my witness. BERGE: Who’s Aunt Dorothy? DAVIS: William Ledbetter’s wife. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 8 �BERGE: Ok. Ok. DAVIS: So she come out and went with me. BERGE: Mm hmm. HOYATT: We had to go to Somerset to get our blood test so we was up there all day. BERGE: How’d you go up there? HOYATT: Taxi. Borrowed 500 dollars from some loan company. Household Finance, I believe. Dad had to sign for that. But it didn’t take all of that but we had some things we had to clear up, you know, some bills and . . . BERGE: Sure, I understand that. HOYATT: So that’s, a fellow by the name of Floyd ( ) was driving the cab. So I went to Oneida before that and to tell this and get the rings and I got our clothes to be married in, see, I bought them. Well, . . . BERGE: Do you remember what you wore, the two of you, when you got married? DAVIS: Yeah. He brought, bought me a suit and brought it out there and it was about three sizes too big. And he said he thought he was getting a woman but I’m still a little girl. Um . . . BERGE: Well, what’d it look like? DAVIS: It was a, it was a blue suit, well, a kind of a teal blue so we took it back. I . . . BERGE: Oh, you didn’t wear that suit then? DAVIS: No. I went, I slipped off from my grandparents lived right down from the hill where I was staying with my aunt, Velvy Ledbetter. So I, you know, we went up the hill and we slipped off and I went with him that night without their knowing it and traded my clothes. Got a smaller suit. BERGE: What was that like? DAVIS: It was blue. It was a blue, two-piece wool suit. BERGE: What’d you wear, Hoyatt? HOYATT: I wore a pin stripe, what they call a hickory striped suit. I’d never owned a suit. I’d never had a suit until I was getting ready to get married. And we had a fellow that came from Tennessee, he’d come around to the miners and measure up, you know, and get the suits so a fellow by the name of Duncan and I ordered me two suits and, before we got married and it was a hickory striped kind of a gray with a pin stripe suit. Two piece suit. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 9 �BERGE: Ok. And then you got married. Tell me about your life then down there when you were married, Christine, did, like, tell me, what did you do during the day? What did a woman do down there during the day? This, I’m talking about after you’ve all lived by yourselves in the house there, like when you lived up there in Lee Baker’s house, what was an average day like for you? DAVIS: Well, it was, really wasn’t all that bad because I was used to staying home and doing what any good woman is supposed to do; keep house, clean and have dinner ready and her husband come home from work but I crocheted. My Aunt Dorothy taught me to crochet and I had, I learned to crochet real well. I had nine dresses crocheted for my first son when he was born. BERGE: You were ready, huh? DAVIS: And I did a lot of sewing. I kept myself busy. BERGE: Like, in a course of a day, like say he was working the day shift, did you work the day shift? Ok. When he was working the day shift, what time did you all get up and he go to work and, tell me like, did you talk to other women or did you just sit in your house or did you walk around? Like, what’d you do? DAVIS: Well, I’d go down to his mom’s sometimes and my Aunt Gerty lived down below me. After I’d get my dishes washed and we’d go down and we’d visit, we’d walk around the tram for, take a day’s, except when the motors were running and everything, we didn’t dare to go around there when everything was busy but we didn’t visit around very much. BERGE: Why not? Why do you think they didn’t? DAVIS: I really don’t know. I guess it was because, well back in them days, you know, a woman’s place was at home and . . . BERGE: Of course the women had a lot of children, probably had so much work to do they didn’t really have time, did they? DAVIS: And back then, you know, women didn’t have all the freedom they got now a days, there’s just be what their husband told them to and that was it. Stay home, cook, wash. Listen to the radio. We finally got a radio but . . . BERGE: Was that a big thing? DAVIS: Oh yeah, that was, that was great because I remember the first radio my grandfather had, nobody was allowed to touch it but him, you know. It had a battery and he’d turn it on and listen to the news and none of us kids was allowed to touch it because we’d run his battery down. BERGE: When you all were young, can you remember when you were housekeeping by yourself finally, the first time you had company for dinner? Or can you ever remember having company for dinner? DAVIS: Yeah. We always had company, didn’t we? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 10 �BERGE: What’d you feed them? DAVIS: Beans and potatoes and, we was lucky if we had a steak but mostly soup beans and potatoes and cornbread. That was a big meal. BERGE: If you were really going to have a big thing, like if you were going to have a special deal and have people in like say Thanksgiving or, I can’t even think of when but let’s say you were going to do that. What’d you have? DAVIS: Probably chicken and dumplings. BERGE: Where’d you get chickens? DAVIS: We’d go, well one time I remember we went down to have a big dinner at Gib Slaven’s house, we gathered down there one Sunday and we got chickens from a friend of theirs raised the chickens down there. HOYATT: Harvey Boyd. DAVIS: And they weren’t home, yes, Harvey Boyd’s, and they weren’t home so we just went ahead and got our chickens and told him about it later, you know. We got ? . . . HOYATT: And they didn’t even like, they didn’t even like for the chickens to, to pluck the chickens or take the feathers out. She wanted the chicken skinned because she didn’t like chicken skin. So we skinned the chickens that day and we had fried chicken. DAVIS: But if someone around had the chickens, we, you know, we’d always buy our chickens. I don’t remember what we had to pay for them or anything like that because that was a long time ago. BERGE: Uh huh. Was the, did you buy meat at the store there? DAVIS: Not very much. HOYATT: You could if you could afford it. BERGE: What kind of meat did they sell at that store? HOYATT: Well most of the main meat that they had there, when I, might I say this, I guess what the miners bought really more was the DS meat, Dry Salt meat. That’s what they call back then they called it old sow belly. BERGE: Yeah. My wife calls it strips of lean. HOYATT: Yeah. It is DS meat. Yeah. Dry Salt meat. BERGE: Yeah. Page 11 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �HOYATT: And you could get other meats. BERGE: Like baloney, did they sell that? HOYATT: Yes. Yes, you could. DAVIS: But the most meat we had was what you’d get out and, was squirrel and . . . HOYATT: Squirrel. DAVIS: rabbit and HOYATT: Groundhog. We’d eat groundhogs. BERGE: Were you a hunter? HOYATT: Yes. Yeah. Fish. We ate fish. DAVIS: Fish. Oh yeah, I remember when we’d go fishing. One time we went fishing and we left the kids down at his mom’s and we caught enough fish to supply the whole family, the whole camp. HOYATT: Really. BERGE: Did you like to fish, Christine? DAVIS: Yeah. BERGE: Did you all fish much? DAVIS: Yeah we did. HOYATT: Quite a bit. DAVIS: When I could go. H: We ate a lot of fish. DAVIS: He wouldn’t let me go when I was expecting a baby because he was always, these old tales about if, you know, marking a baby ? . . . BERGE: Yeah. You catch an ugly fish you’d have an ugly baby. DAVIS: Yeah. BERGE: Or something like that. Page 12 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �HOYATT: Frogs. We’d gig frogs. DAVIS: But the last time that we real good time we had fishing, I didn’t tell him, I knew I was pregnant but I wouldn’t tell him because he wouldn’t let me go. And, you’re putting that on tape. And anyway, his mom kept the boys and we had, it was real, real rough. The river was up and we put our traut lines out and we stayed at the scout cabins that night and we’d run our traut lines and I almost got drowned that night and he was about, oh, he was about to get me. He put this big fish over in the boat and I was afraid it was going to flop out and I just hanging on to it. I almost went out of the boat and the river was up so big if I’d had went out, that would have been the end of me. BERGE: Are you talking catfish? Are you talking about catfish? HOYATT: No, this was a drum. Drum. BERGE: Mm hmm. Is that what you caught in those traut lines? HOYATT: You could catch drums on them but this was, the traut line we caught the catfish mostly but you could catch a drum most of the time. Now, . . . BERGE: What’d you use for a boat? HOYATT: We had a boat, homemade boat. BERGE: Was it yours? HOYATT: We made it, yeah. Well, no, it wasn’t mine. I just, whoever had a boat, I just, they never kept them locked up, you could use it, you know. Like I’d tell somebody, I’m going use your boat so this one particular fish she’s talking about was, I don’t know how much it weighed, I don’t know how long it was but a number three washtub, if you know what that is, what they called back then, we could lay the fish in there and its head and tail, it wouldn’t lay down in the tub. I would say from guessing it’d weigh 12, 15 pound. And it was on a throw line. It was a big bush, kind of there, and it was just about, you know, I’ve tried to throw line on that and let it go down kind of on a sandy bottom because drum feeds on bottom, I thought. And I put a big soft craw on it, see, and when I’d, when I seen that bush was really acting, you see, why, I knew I had a good fish and so the river was coming up and it was high then and it was so hard to get out there, it took all I could do. BERGE: Like what night of the week would you all fish? When you all went fishing, the two of you, what night of the week did you go? HOYATT: Made no difference. We went . . . BERGE: Would you go when you were working? HOYATT: When I was working no, we wouldn’t go that night if I worked the next day because we got up at 5 o’clock. Page 13 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �BERGE: So you’re talking about when work was falling off and you weren’t working all the time. HOYATT: Yes. Yes. Yeah. BERGE: Ok. Ok. Now I was going, the reason I was going to ask you, you wouldn’t fish on Saturday would you? Saturday night because that’s when church was, wasn’t it? HOYATT: I would never fish on Sunday. Hardly ever. BERGE: Yeah. HOYATT: Well, I wouldn’t fish on Sunday because our church came first and still does. BERGE: But in the church down there, Saturday night’s the big night for church, wasn’t it? HOYATT: Sometimes. Now, some Saturday nights . . . BERGE: One month, one night of the month, one Saturday a month or something like that, wasn’t it? H: Yeah. We had a business meeting once a month. Brother Carmel Stanley was our pastor. I believe our first pastor was Oscar Owens, our first pastor. Reverend Oscar Owens that lives in Cincinnati, I think, now and our next pastor we had was Brother Robert Silvers. And that was the pastors we had while we were there. BERGE: Did you ever hear Bill Simpson preach? DAVIS: Mm hmm. BERGE: Did you ever hear Bill Simpson preach? HOYATT: Oh yes. Bill Simpson was a colored man and at Co-op, I’d like to go back there for a moment if I could . . . BERGE: Ok. HOYATT: Since you mentioned Bill Simpson. I thought he was one of the greatest, among the greatest men I ever heard preach and I always loved to hear him preach. I believe he was one of the finest men that we had in McCreary County. I really believe that because when I was just a boy, Bill Simpson came to Co-op to preach a revival and his shoes was almost off of his feet. I got out in the camp and went around in the camp and made up money to give that old man to buy him a pair of shoes. And I don’t know what size he was. I thought he had the biggest foot of any man . . . BERGE: Was he a powerful preacher? Was that the kind of preacher he was or . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 14 �HOYATT: Yeah. He was, he really got into it, I mean, he was a, he was not a, he didn’t have to hunt for words. He was really gifted and I believe it was call man of God. I do. BERGE: Of the, of the men you’ve heard preach, at, this is not to say anything bad about the other men, but of the men you heard preach in the church, in the church of Blue Heron, who would be the most impressive one or two that you heard down there? HOYATT: Well, I guess the most successful man in his ministry there would be Brother Carmel Stanley. BERGE: Down in Oneida. HOYATT: Yes. In my stay at Mine 18, he was a, he preached in tears. He was a real humble man and he just, he was just a wonderful man. The other men were wonderful men . . . BERGE: I understand that, I understand that. HOYATT: Yes. But Brother Carmel Stanley had a way of getting his message through to you even through his tears. He was such a humble man. BERGE: Of the . . . did you, either of you ever go to singing school? HOYATT: Oh yes. DAVIS: Oh yes. BERGE: Tell me about that. HOYATT: Sunday school? BERGE: No. Singing, that singing school that they had there. DAVIS: Singing school, yeah, we both did. HOYATT: Oh singing schools. Yes. BERGE: Tell us how that worked and how it came about and what it was like. HOYATT: My first singing school that I went to, I was nine years old, if I’m not mistaken, eight or nine, I think it was nine and that was at White Oak Junction and a fellow my the name of Millard Fipps taught that school. And at that time I had a voice, you know, just a child’s voice and my dad thought I ought to take first tenor or what they call high tenor or second tenor in a male quartet. So it costed him, I believe it was two dollars for that week for us children to go to school and he attended too. It was, but we had to really get in on that and learn to sing the shape notes so it was really interesting. Its something that you can, it just gets in your blood, you know, if you get with it ? BERGE: Christine, did you ever go to singing school? Page 15 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �DAVIS: Yeah. BERGE: Tell me where you went and how it was. DAVIS: Up at Mine 18 after we was married, when we lived in the house with his mom and dad, his dad made me do things just like he did the rest of the kids because I was one of the kids, you know, while we stayed there. BERGE: Well, his dad’s a strong man. DAVIS: Yeah. BERGE: You should have heard him talk to me the first time I was there. He fleshed me out. He said, now you don’t know anything about this, you just sit here and listen, you know. HOYATT: That’s dad. BERGE: Yeah. So tell me about this now. What it was like and who ran it and who got the people to come in there, I wonder. Do you know? DAVIS: Um, I can’t remember the man’s name because I really wasn’t interested in the singing school, why . . . HOYATT: Walter Duncan. DAVIS: You know, but I went . . . BERGE: Where was he from? Do you know? HOYATT: Tennessee. Down at, he was from Winfield, Tennessee. His, they run his son run a store right on 27 in Winfield there. DAVIS: Because I was never that good a singer. I couldn’t, I never could learn the notes. BERGE: Oh, Duncan’s store that big gray, big building? HOYATT: Right. His son used to run that. I don’t know whether its still there or not. BERGE: Yeah. He is. I was talking, I was down there the other day talking to him about it, about the singing school. HOYATT: Walter Duncan was a fine man. He was a great man. He was also a minister but he was also a music instructor. He was a teacher. BERGE: Did you ever become a singer, Christine? Page 16 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �DAVIS: No. No I could never sing. BERGE: Now your family all sang. HOYATT: Yeah. And Christine can sing too she just won’t own the corn. Our family used to sing quite a bit. Christine has a beautiful voice and she just never did get interested enough to it, she just never did learn the notes. She just . . . BERGE: Hoyatt, did you ever sing with the Blue Heron quartet? HOYATT: Yes I have. BERGE: Who sang in it when you did? HOYATT: Well, now I just sing with them as a, Lee Baker sung base and Bill Pryor did the soprano and I forget the man that sung tenor, at this, Donald Schuteman. Donald Schuteman’s son . . . BERGE: Now I’ve heard people mention the Davis quartet. Who was in that? HOYATT: That was myself and Betty Lou and Charlene and Israel. BERGE: Did you sing a lot? HOYATT: Not a great deal. Not a great deal. Now we sung, we had a quartet also with Prince Stevens was, he was kind of the emcee for us, you know. And we sung with him for a while. Then I sung in a quartet with Fred Stevens and Tate Hansford and Link ?’s wife. I forgot her name. We sung around different places. And then I directed the choir at Mine 18 for a while. And we’d put the shape notes on the board maybe once a week. We had a lot of fun doing that. It’s a lot of fun because you know, its just, it’s a great thing to learn, I thought, at that time, but we didn’t have no piano or organ or anything. We just had a chromatic pitch pipe and we got our sound from it. I never used a tuning fork. I always used a chromatic pitch pipe to get my sound, you see, of the letter and then we’d go to the doh instead of saying saying G we’d say doh, you know. So this is, this was a great thing. So we’d put, we would just go for the beginners music, you know, because I could never teach advanced music and we didn’t sing any miner music then, see. So some of the old timers sung miner music and this was pretty lonesome, all drawn out, you know. Pretty lonely but shape notes was, instead of singing the musical alphabet, you just sung doh ra me fah sol lah ti doh, you know. BERGE: When you all sang, when you went to those singing schools, was it all shape note? HOYATT: All shape notes. I’ve never, we, I knew one fellow that I attended a school that he used round notes. Round notes, you sung by the lines and spaces. So he did, he could teach and that was ? Fipps. He could teach advanced music which would go by the musical alphabet and not the shape notes at all. So, but, what little singing I did and still do is mostly by shape notes. BERGE: That was a, that’s an interesting thing to me. How long were you choir director? Page 17 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �HOYATT: Oh, I don’t know. I’d sing in a choir, you know, and lead the choir and then I’d change back and sing base and, you know, and then Mrs. Ross, Pearly Ross would lead the choir. She was also our church clerk there. The whole time I was there she was our church clerk and she would lead the choir and it wasn’t hard to lead because you had, we had the soprano setting together, the tenor together, the alto together. We put the people in their specific place where their voices could blend and we tried to get everybody to sing with their voices until their voices was level with everybody next to them. We had a real choir there. BERGE: Did you practice much? HOYATT: Every week. Practically every week. Once a week. BERGE: Did you ever sing in the choir, Christine? DAVIS: Not very much. Because I’d usually have a little baby and I’d have to get back somewhere and keep it quiet. BERGE: Mm hmm. Did they have any social things around the church? HOYATT: Never. That bothers me now as I look back. I don’t understand why they didn’t. It was just a church and forget it, you know. BERGE: Do you think it was because the early leadership didn’t believe in it? HOYATT: I never did, we never did say nothing about it, you know. They had a very strict ? Very strict. BERGE: When did you first think about preaching? HOYATT: Well, I suppose just immediately after I was saved. I felt the urge, you know. This is hard to explain. I wanted to preach and I could get no relief in my mind, you know, and I just, I felt that God had called me to preach. I still feel that God did call me to preach. I feel its gifts and callings are, of course, ? but I could sing a little bit before I was saved but I, you know, I just wanted to be a minister. BERGE: You got ordained, did you? HOYATT: I was ordained . . . BERGE: Where? HOYATT: I was ordained in Muncie, Indiana at 19th and Pierce Street at Bethel United Baptist Church and I was ordained June the 25th 1960. I wasn’t in the ministry when I left here, when I left the coal mines and I didn’t start preaching until ’59, in ’59, I started. BERGE: Did you ever come back to Blue Heron and preach? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 18 �HOYATT: Never did get to. Never did. You see, our life, all of our life, its, we, I guess, we got started off on the wrong foot, you know, in the coal mines and this is a time when the coal mines began to fade out, phase out, you might say. BERGE: Why do you think so many people from this country became preachers? It’s amazing the number of people that worked down there at Mine 18 who are preachers. HOYATT: I really hadn’t thought of it like that. BERGE: Now just think, just start counting, how many preachers you know from Mine 18. HOYATT: Since you mentioned it yes. Yeah. BERGE: Wonder why that was? HOYATT: I don’t know. I really don’t know. Since you mentioned it, there was a lot of them. BERGE: Oh yeah. Just a world of them. HOYATT: Might have been because they was rough when they were younger. I don’t know. BERGE: Do you ever remember anyone being ordained down there at Mine 18? HOYATT: Not to my knowledge. BERGE: There have been four, three or four, I think. DAVIS: ? , was he? HOYATT: Oh yes. I’m sorry. BERGE: ? . I’ll tell you who was ordained there that I know of. ?, HOYATT: Yes. BERGE: Ronald Tapley. H: Ronald was the blind boy. He was ordained after I left. BERGE: Yeah. Yeah. And Cak Slaven. HOYATT: What Slaven? BERGE: Cak Slaven. HOYATT: Cak was ordained after I left. Page 19 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �BERGE: Yeah, but at Mine 18 though. HOYATT: Yes. BERGE: And there was one other and I can’t remember who it was. HOYATT: See when the mines reopened, I didn’t come back. BERGE: Yeah, I know that. Did you ever go back to that church one time after that? Did you ever, were you ever down here on the weekend or anything? DAVIS: Hobert Vaughn. BERGE: And Hobert Vaughn is the other one. HOYATT: Hobert Vaughn, yeah. Seems that I was but I can’t remember who was preaching now when I went back. BERGE: Which church up in Sydney is the bell from that church, do you know? HOYATT: Is what? BERGE: They say the bell from that church is in Sydney ? HOYATT: It is on that, its out in the First Baptist Church in Lockington. BERGE: Oh. HOYATT: That’s just out of Sydney a little ways. BERGE: Do you ever go over to hear it? HOYATT: Yes. I heard, when I heard it, I went there to visit . . . BERGE: Did you recognize it? HOYATT: that church and I’d, I hadn’t thought about the bell at Blue Heron. I went to visit that church. The bell at Blue, that we had at Blue Heron is a bronze bell, it has a different sound, a ring to it than any other church bell I ever heard. And I’d heard it so many times but I hadn’t heard it for years. And I went to visit that church and they rung that bell and in my mind that’s the Blue Heron, that’s the way the Blue Heron bell, and I began to question where’d that bell come from. Where did you get that bell? And the man that helped ordain me there in Indiana, he said that’s the bell out of the Mine 18 church. ?, how’d you get it? So I talked to him about it. I knew that bell. I mean, I knew the sound, it might not be the bell but it sure did sound like it used to and . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 20 �BERGE: In other words it has a distinctive sound. HOYATT: Yes. He said, Harvey Boyd, if I understand it right was the last clerk of that church. BERGE: Yeah, and when they tore it down, I guess . . . HOYATT: Yeah. He was the last . . . BERGE: I guess that’s how the pews got out there at East Apple Creek. HOYATT: Yes. And the bell was given to these fellows providing they was going to put it in another church and . . . BERGE: You know the steeple is still in existence from that church. HOYATT: No it’s a different steeple. I don’t know where the steeple is. BERGE: The, I do. HOYATT: Where’s it at? BERGE: Its in Doyle Winchester’s yard. HOYATT: Is that right? BERGE: Uh huh. HOYATT: Is Doyle still living? BERGE: Yeah. Uh huh. HOYATT: Old Chaunce is the one that got killed. His brother, I guess. DAVIS: If they restore that church house down there, I think it’d be nice if everybody would donate that stuff back to it. HOYATT: I’ll do everything I can to get that bell back for that. BERGE: I was thinking about that. That’d be nice, wouldn’t it? DAVIS: Yeah. Mm hmm. HOYATT: Sure would. But that’s a, that was donated by the Southern Railroad. DAVIS: That would draw a lot of . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 21 �HOYATT: to the church. BERGE: Oh, is that how they got the bell? HOYATT: We didn’t buy that bell. Southern Railroad, this is the bell that goes on one of the Southern Railroad engines. They donated us that bell. I know, I was on the building committee. That’s how we got it. BERGE: Do you remember where you had the pews built? HOYATT: No I don’t. I don’t remember where we had them built. But they were the nicest pews as there was on the Stearns Roads at this time. We had a nice church. We was all proud of it. BERGE: Have you been in the East Appletree Church? HOYATT: Yes. BERGE: Oh so, you know that the choir pews are still up, they’re still up there and everything. HOYATT: Well I didn’t notice that since I’ve gone back there a few times before I was back there the last time Luther Ledbetter, before he passed away, he was, he and me went over there. Hobert Vaughn was a pastor at that time. BERGE: Still is. HOYATT: And you was talking about Ronald Tapley, he sung that night and anyway, I didn’t notice those pews but I, the ones I set in back there wasn’t the Blue Heron pews ? BERGE: They weren’t? HOYATT: No. They might have been the ones up in the choir but the one, did they take all of them out there? BERGE: I think most of them are there. HOYATT: It might be . . . BERGE: Not all of them but most of them. HOYATT: It could have been and I just didn’t pay any attention, you know. When I started to leave Mine 18 as I started to tell you a while ago, it kind of chokes me up, you know. BERGE: Oh, I know. HOYATT: I had these boys in my Sunday school class and they really loved me. We worked together and I had, well I had the girls too in this particular class and we’d go back up and we’d sing for the Page 22 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �worship service. My class would sing, you know, and it was a great joy, you know, and we had, at one time, we had a pretty good group of children down there. BERGE: How many people would attend church down there when you all were there? HOYATT: Well, at times I guess there would be probably 50 people or more. DAVIS: Just about everybody in the camp. HOYATT: Yeah. BERGE: Christine, let me ask you something. Did you go to school at Blue Heron? DAVIS: No. BERGE: Did any of your children? DAVIS: No. BERGE: They were too little, I guess? DAVIS: Yeah. BERGE: Can you remember, could you describe the school to me? DAVIS: The best I can remember, it was just a little one-room school house. BERGE: What color was it? DAVIS: It wasn’t painted. Just dark wood. BERGE: Do you think it’d ever been painted? DAVIS: I don’t think so. Like it’d been oil treated or something, it was just dark, dark wood. BERGE: Do you ever remember any pie suppers down there? DAVIS: No. HOYATT: Oh yeah. BERGE: Do you? HOYATT: Yeah. BERGE: Did you ever go to any down there? When you were living . . . Page 23 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �HOYATT: Yeah. I auctioned the pies off. One time for the school teacher. DAVIS: My brother went to school down there. HOYATT: And I didn’t know whether it was against the law or not because the law was awful strict and I was up at auctioning the pies off, you know, having a good time and in came the law. BERGE: Oh really? HOYATT: Yeah. But, the best I remember, we sold every pie, too, before it was over so we had a good time and that was our way of raising money to help out some in the school, you see. Yes, we had pie supper and then what we called box suppers. Different things in the boxes, you know, and we had a great time at that. That was a great event because we had the prettiest girl and the ugliest man and so on like this . . . BERGE: Yeah, I heard about those contests . . . HOYATT: We had a great time, you know, back then but that was about all there was to do, you know. BERGE: Uh huh. You lived right close to the tipple, Christine. Now tell me this, just tell me in one swoop without me interrupting you or anything what it was like living next to the tipple. Was it noisy, was it dirty and how’d you handle those things? DAVIS: It was noisy and it was dirty. We had to keep the doors closed and the windows down. Then after they’d shut the tipple down of the night, of the evening when the tipple would shut down, I’d open up the front door and sweep all the coal dust off the front porch and sweep the front wall down. We had to scrub the porch, I scrubbed mine about twice a week because it was just a hopeless thing to try to do it everyday. And you didn’t let the kids out on the front porch or back porch if you didn’t want to see their faces all black like the coal miners. BERGE: What did you do with your children during the day when everything was running there? It must have been dangerous for them to get out of your house because your house was right close to tracks and everything. What did they do all day? DAVIS: Mine stayed, played out in the back yard. BERGE: Was it fenced in? DAVIS: Yeah, mine was. After we moved down to Lee Baker’s house. Of course, they were small when we lived up in the other house and they played on the back porch. One morning, Claude went down the back steps in his stroller. Cut his whole head on the rock. We had a little gate, you know, to latch the gate to keep them off, keep them from going down the steps but after everything would shut down then we’d let them out and play but then I never let mine play out around the tipple or anyplace because I was always worried . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 24 �BERGE: When you lived in Hoyatt Davis’ house, when you lived in Lee Baker’s house, was that house built up in the front? DAVIS: Not . . . BERGE: It was set right on the side of the hill, wasn’t it? Did you have many steps to the front porch? DAVIS: Just three or four to ours. Gerty’s the one that had the big high steps. BERGE: Ok. Ok. I knew one of them did over there. DAVIS: Yeah. And then our back porch just went right out on the ground. BERGE: What color was house? DAVIS: It was supposed to be yellow but it was covered in coal dust. BERGE: Gerty’s house was yellow wasn’t it? DAVIS: Yeah. Yeah, it was more of a, it was a darker yellow than Gerty’s house. Gerty’s was a light yellow and ours was a darker, more of a gold I guess. It was a deeper color. BERGE: When you went to the store, just pretend that I’ve never known anything about that place, when you went to that store, describe what it was like going there and what it looked like inside. DAVIS: Well, it was just like any country store. Just a small entrance, go up a couple of steps and up on the porch and it was a wood floor and the counter was, I remember one time especially when Alvin was just a little boy, he was about two. He could just walk across the railroad tracks. And I took him to the store and it was almost Christmas time. They just got in the displays and they had these, had a little toy cars, like they put the little, what do they call them where they load the little cars up on them, a car carrier. What do you call them? Had the little cars about this long and there’s six on there. Well, when I got home with him, he had one of these little cars in his pocket so I knew that would never do. I said, where did you get it and he said it was on the counter so I give him a spanking and made him take the car back to the store and give it to Theodore and tell him he was sorry but he couldn’t remember that. He thought he’d got a candy bar and he was telling us the other day, that he thought he’d got a candy bar that he wasn’t supposed to get. But I had him, I spanked him and made him take the car back to the store and give it to Theodore and Theodore didn’t even know he’d got it. But I knew if I let him get by with that he would, you know, may pick up other things. BERGE: Was Theodore a pleasant man to deal with? DAVIS: Um, well, he was, yeah, I guess he was. BERGE: I, you know, I just wondered, you know. You hear awful things about company stores and . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 25 �DAVIS: He wasn’t going to, at the time when we moved, I’d got permission, we didn’t have our furniture paid for when we started to move out from there and Hoyatt was already in Indiana and he’d sent the men back with the truck to get our furniture and Theodore didn’t want us to move it because . . . BERGE: It wasn’t paid for. DAVIS: we still owed about two hundred and something dollars on it but we’d already gotten clearance from Store One to move the stuff and finish paying for it when we could. So Theodore come up there and told me I couldn’t move the furniture and I said, well, the truck’s setting there and we’re going to move. And he said, no, you’re not going to so he went and got on the phone and called and the company told him that they didn’t want that stuff out there, they already had enough ? stuff that they didn’t want ours. So we moved it on to Indiana and it kind of irritated me because I already had the clearance and I didn’t send any payments back for a long time so finally we come in one morning and went in the office out at Stearns to pay our bill and his dad wanted us to pay his, his dad owed the company some too at that time so he told us while we was coming, he said clear our bill up too and he give us the money and we went in out at the office . . . BERGE: In Stearns? DAVIS: Yeah. And they looked and looked and looked and they come out and they said you don’t owe us anything. He said, it wasn’t our fault that the mine shut down and when the mine shut down, our bill was clear. So we couldn’t find, they had no bill against us what so ever so I’ve always wanted to go back and tell Theodore that but I never did. I thought, well, you know. BERGE: That’s amazing. DAVIS: But at that time, it was bad times, and I thought, you know, he didn’t have any right to come and try to keep us from moving since we already had clearance. BERGE: Sure. When you all moved, you know, people moved a lot in those camps. Like when you wanted to move from one house to another, how did that come about? How did you do it? Or who’d you talk to or, I guess you talked to Lemmy, didn’t you? HOYATT: We talked to the mine superintendent. If we knew that house was coming empty, why, we would go and they’d give it to whoever they wanted to give it to. So we would go and talk to the superintendent of the camp of the mines is the man that took care of that, see. So we’d talk to him and then when the people moved out, if we knew they was going to move, why, if we could get there first and he liked us well enough, we got the house. BERGE: That’s the way it worked? DAVIS: If, his wife had a lot to do with it too. If she liked you, you’d get the house. BERGE: That’s just the way it worked, huh? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 26 �HOYATT: That’s the way it was. DAVIS: But, see, Lemmy and John Wright and all of them was really my uncle. Great uncle. Because my grandfather really wasn’t a Ledbetter, I mean, you don’t want all this on here but I guess everybody knows it. He was a half brother to Lemmy and John and all of them. BERGE: Oh. DAVIS: John Ledbetter was. BERGE: Uh huh. Well that was a, back in those times, most everybody, all of you were sort of related to each other because that’s who, you just met people down in there, didn’t you? You’d, there wasn’t a big variety of people for you to meet and . . . HOYATT: No. No. BERGE: end up marrying or anything. DAVIS: I don’t think we’re any relation. I hope not. BERGE: Doesn’t make any difference but . . . DAVIS: No. After 38 years it’s a bad time to think about it now. BERGE: Yeah. No, but what I mean is that everybody is related to somebody, everybody else by marriage or something because there were few families in there, weren’t there? HOYATT: Yeah. BERGE: Really was an amazing place, when you think about it. For instance, you two, you lived down there when there was no roads. HOYATT: That’s right. Right. I helped, I donated . . . BERGE: Did you ever have a car before, when you lived down there? HOYATT: No. I never had a car until after what ’50 probably ’51. And I . . . BERGE: Oh, right at the end down there you got a car then. DAVIS: ’53. HOYATT: ’53. BERGE: When you left there. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 27 �HOYATT: ’53, I had the car, I had to let the car go for a grocery bill. I owed a grocery bill, you know, and I let the car, and the car, the way I got the car, I traded a hog and a radio for it. It was a ’29 A-model. BERGE: I wonder what those would be worth now. HOYATT: Oh, boy. DAVIS: And then when we started to leave, we owed Jimmy Lawson a hundred dollar grocery bill out at the, he’d let us, he was nice enough to let us have groceries on a credit out at Whitley. So we give him that car to pay our grocery bill. HOYATT: It was a hard time. BERGE: I’ll agree it was. HOYATT: I’d cut timber, mine timber by myself. I’d go up in the hills, you know, and cut the best I could, get somebody to help me saw, you know. BERGE: Yeah. A lot of people don’t remember that there were hard times after World War II. HOYATT: Yes. Real hard. BERGE: Particularly in the coal areas ? HOYATT: That’s where it was, yeah. Real hard. BERGE: I bet you were amazed when you went back up to Indiana and there were just all those jobs then. HOYATT: Yeah. Then, you see, things went down there then. I got laid off again so it was just bang bang bang and after 22 years in the packing house, the packing house went down and I had to move again. It just seems like its been, stay awhile. That’s the longest I’ve ever worked in my life without, you know . . . BERGE: Uh huh. That was a new, a trade, did you, this is the last think I’m going to ask you all because I’ve, I need to be going and I know you all need to enjoy your vacation without me being, using it all, but when you were down there, see, that’s, people are going to come to that place, tourists are, and they’re going to say this is the most beautiful place in the world. It must have been wonderful for these people to live here. Did you know it was beautiful when you were there? HOYATT: When everything was going good and we was making a good living, we was, I was getting to work plenty, it was a just a heavenly place. It was. We, everybody knew everybody and everybody was getting along most of the time and it was just nobody was having any feuds or anything, everything was going good, you know. And if anybody was sick, everybody would go in and help. If anybody passed away, they’d go and set up, they had to keep the corpse at home and we never . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 28 �BERGE: That’s another thing. I wonder why they didn’t bury people from churches. HOYATT: What? BERGE: I wonder why they bury people from churches like they do now? HOYATT: Uh, well, let’s say down there it would be kind of rough, you know, to get in and so far to the cemetery. Now, we carried a little girl, Luther’s little girl, Katie, we carried her from Mine 18 to way back out to what they called the Kid Graveyard, possibly five miles out there is where we buried her. So, but, wherever we buried them, and as far as officiating or having a funeral services at the churches, it was very seldom . . . BERGE: No, didn’t do it. HOYATT: very seldom because the church was built too far from the cemetery or, now, if the cemetery was close to a church, we did, you know, they did but not, now I remember my aunt and some of them out of Smithtown we had it at Pleasant Rock Church but down in there was too far from the cemetery. There was no cemeteries close to the down in the coal mining camps that close. There was at Fidelity. There was at Fidelity but this was a ghost town now, you know. So we up on Rock Creek . . . BERGE: No, but what, I guess what really what I was meaning though is were you all aware of the scenic beauty down there or were you more concerned about the work and the coal and stuff? I mean, did you know how pretty that country was? I mean, its going to be beautiful when they go in. HOYATT: Its beautiful now but then we didn’t realize that because our concern was making a living for our family. This was our only source of living was the coal mines. That is, poor coal miners like us. BERGE: How did, when you’d see big shots from the company, how would they treat a guy like you? When you’d walk by them, when they were down in there? Were they personable people or . . . HOYATT: Now, the big shots, if you’re calling the big shots would be a fellow like John Wright. BERGE: Yeah, that’s what I’m talking about. HOYATT: L.C. Bruce. BERGE: Yeah, that’s what I’m talking about. H: People like these, they were just as, John Wright was just as common as any man in that country. He was a wonderful man. And he loved people. Now, he loved joBERGE: he did his job well, I thought as I look back, but he love people. He actually loved people and he’d give people many breaks. I remember one superintendent was a big shot at, when my brother, maybe I shouldn’t tell this but when my older brother before he became a Christian, when he was in on a leave from the Marines, he was kind of a little rough in the camp and this superintendent wanted him moved out of the camp, his family moved out of the camp, you know. So John Wright said, let him alone. John told me in later years about it setting at his place before he died. I visited John on up until the time after he took his bed. When I’d Page 29 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 �come back, I’d go visit John Wright, where he was a great man for me and he gave me a lot of good advice. But anyway, John Wright said let him alone. He’s got good blood in him, that’s what John would always say, he’s got good blood in him he’ll make you a good man some day. And he did. He did. He became a foreman. BERGE: ? he knew the people who worked there. John Wright did. He knew the . . . HOYATT: He knew all of them. He knew all of them. And John was a man that picked the men to be the foremans and the superintendents and so on like this, the group leaders, you might call them now. BERGE: Let me ask you one more question. This is the last question, Christine. DAVIS: Ok. BERGE: Were you glad to leave? DAVIS: No not really because to me that was, from the life I’d had before, it really wasn’t all that bad down there because, you know, an orphan grows up they don’t have ? BERGE: And that’s what you knew, wasn’t it? DAVIS: Yeah. So really, and it was, it was really, wasn’t that bad for me because, well, I knew John Wright and them. I was the housekeeper at John Wright’s before I ever met him. I was their housekeeper and worked for them and to me that was down there with more, and I got to be with my family more with the Ledbetter’s, see that was my mom’s, Luther and Everett and Arnold, all of them was my mom’s brothers as well as Gerty was my dad’s sister. BERGE: Yeah, yeah. DAVIS: So. BERGE: Well, I want to thank you then for talking with me. Its really a pleasure to meet both of you and talk with you about these things. [end recording] William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Christine Davis | 1984 OH 079 Page 30 � https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/dee197931349248d9be7e05d8bfd90af.mp3 86489fcf5c5c4a7d933e2fd4124ccf74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource The Blue Herron Coal Camp, also known as Mine 18, in McCreary County, was run by the Stearns Coal and Lumber Company from 1938 to 1962. Company managers, miners, and their families discuss coal mining and Stearns, but the interviews focus on the quality of life in the camp and the lives of the women. Blue Herron is now an outdoor museum in the Big South Fork National Park and Recreation Area. The interviews were collected for the United States Army Corps of Engineers for use in the exhibits. Title A name given to the resource Blue Heron Coal Camps Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Berge, William H. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Davis, Christine Location The location of the interview. Conley Bottom, Ky Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:00:04 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1984 OH 079 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/12/1984 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Christine Davis Blue Heron Coal Camp churches coal camps coal company stores family World War II https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/167ed6ba01f8bee4d568973c78817c5b.mp3 4e2fc65e1f6eb76dc6c367054181ec77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Blake, Christopher Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Petzke, Christopher Location The location of the interview. Fort Campbell, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:07:15 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Christopher Petzke Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 047 Description An account of the resource Sargeant Christopher Petzke discusses his experiences in the United States Army. In particular, Petzke comments on his deployment to Iraq, his reasons for enlisting, and how he juggles the military and a family of nine. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. deployment family Iraq military military life Sargeant United States Army veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/493127e0fa21e263985ef57d37ab73f4.mp3 fc18b5639a304923aa4e12823d318d6d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Yeaton, Steven Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rechtin, Christopher Location The location of the interview. Cincinnati, OH Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:17:56 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Christopher Rechtin Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 119 Description An account of the resource Christopher Rechtin details his time in the United States Army and his return to civilian life. In particular, Rechtin comments on his choice to enlist, his time during basic training, and his feelings before deployment. He also shares his experiences during his deployment to Iraq, and comments on how the war changed him. He also discusses his easy re-entry into civilian life. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/19/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Bacuba basic training Civilian life deployment EKU Facebook family Fort Leonard Wood G.I. Bill IED Iraq military military life mortars Support United States Army veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/62b12e8f250cabd90c81ba9c227ab900.mp3 2bf467dbc13bfc6452456aba46a6ac04 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Ramsey, Travis Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Daughtry, Dylyn Location The location of the interview. Richmond, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:11:48 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Dylyn Daughtry Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 113 Description An account of the resource Dylyn Daughtry discusses his military service in the United States Army. In particular, Daughtry comments on his time in basic training, his deployments to Kuwait and Afghanistan, the cultural differences of the people he met, the difficulties of staying in touch with family, and entertainment during his deployments. He also discusses being injured and the quaility of medical care he received. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/21/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Afghanistan basic training Civilian life deployment entertainment family Kuwait Madigan Army Medical Center military military life Rankings veterans VTS 200 War Zone https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/169ce29b50196d6617d9649ad5784ef1.pdf 4552d1fab8221dee5f5610bcbb05e90f PDF Text Text Title: Identifier: Date: Interviewer: Project: Interview with Hobert and Truie Vaughn 1984 OH 084 1984-10-29 William H. Berge Blue Heron Coal Camps The following is an unedited transcript of an oral history interview. Please listen to the actual interview to verify the accuracy of the text. [SIDE ONE] NANCY: The following is an unrehearsed taped interview with Hobert and Truie Vaughn. The interview was conducted by Doctor William Berge for the Oral History Center at Eastern Kentucky University. The interview was conducted at Mr. and Mrs. Vaughn’s home in Stearns, Kentucky on October 29th, 1984 at 7 o’clock PM. WILLIAM BERGE: The ( ) are on now. Mrs. Vaughn I want to thank you for allowing us to come over here today and talk with you. Let’s start off right now by you first, Mr. Vaughn, telling me your name and when you were born and where you were born. HOBERT VAUGHN: Well sir, my name is Hobert Vaughn. BERGE: V-A-U-G-H-N? HOBERT: Um hmm. BERGE: And what year were you born? HOBERT: June the sixteenth 1923. BERGE: In where? HOBERT: Slavens, Kentucky, McCreary County. BERGE: Um hmm. What was your father’s name? HOBERT: Henry. BERGE: And your mother? HOBERT: Ruthie. BERGE: What was her maiden name? HOBERT: Gregory. BERGE: Gregory? OK. What’d your father do for a living? Page 1 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �HOBERT: Why he was mostly a timber man just you know . . . BERGE: Working log wood? HOBERT: Yeah. BERGE: Who’d he work for? Did he work for himself? HOBERT: No, he worked for the Stearns Company. BERGE: In the log woods? HOBERT: Yeah entire woods and so forth making cross ties. BERGE: When you were young where’d ya’ll live? Where’d your family live? HOBERT: We lived in Slavens like I told you. BERGE: OK HOBERT: That was near Wayne County. BERGE: uh huh. When did you . . . Where’d you go to school? HOBERT: Well, school was named Jones Holler. BERGE: OK. And do you remember who was your teacher over there? HOBERT: Well, no not really. I remember one of the lady’s name, the first name but I don’t know her last. One of them named Dorothy. BERGE: Uh huh. HOBERT: And I don’t know her last name. BERGE: Can you see her in your mind? You remember what she looked like and everything? Was she a young woman or an old woman? HOBERT: ( ) Nice. She was . . . I reckon she was a . . . about I’d say about in the thirties; something like that. BERGE: Uh, huh. HOBERT: She was pretty tall. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 2 �BERGE: Seemed like an old woman to you then too but like a young woman now I guess. All [laughter] BERGE: When you were . . . Truie (T): Thank God for older men. BERGE: Yeah, yeah. TRUIE: [laughter] BERGE: When you were a boy what kind of work did you do around? When, do you remember the first day you went to work? HOBERT: Oh, I just worked with my dad, you know in the . . . I worked in log woods around . . . outside of working on ( ) plantation, you know, I was a farm hand, farming. BERGE: Do you remember the first time you went to work for wages? HOBERT: Well, I . . . I know not . . . not really outside of when I started the mine. I mean back in the . . . I just worked on the farm around there for Bill. Bill’s over there on the farm, you know like. BERGE: Do you uh ( ) remember when you went to work for Stearns Company where you were working? HOBERT: Yeah. I was . . . I went to work in Stearns Company in October the first 1941. BERGE: Where’d you go to work? HOBERT: Corporated. BERGE: Who’d you work for over there? Who was your boss? HOBERT: Well, superintendent was Bill Davis but I . . . the mine foreman I had was Russell Strunk. But might a been another one but the superintendent was Bill Davis. BERGE: Um hm. And you just worked there a short time you told me? HOBERT: Yeah, about a month. Something like that. BERGE: How come . . . How did you come to move over to Blue Heron by 18 . . . HOBERT: I got a transfer over there because I’d stayed with my cousin you know prior to when I went to work and back there in the year of forty there and I just wanted to . . . I wanted to get a transfer over there to work for him, you know. Page 3 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �BERGE: Um hm. Where’d he live? HOBERT: He lived just up on the mountain there from 18 there, you know, Blue Heron, ‘cause it is better known as mine 18, you know, it is about . . . BERGE: Yeah, that’s what you thought about it . . . HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: that’s what you called it. HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: So you were young, you were about eighteen or so I guess when you were there. HOBERT: I was just eighteen when I went to work. BERGE: Um hm. Did they make you wait till you were eighteen to go to work for them then? HOBERT: Ah, yeah, yeah they did at that time ‘cause they’d had to . . . you had the law was restricted then but ‘course you know, earlier back there they took ( ) you know young brats then fourteen, fifteen along like that. BERGE: Um hm. But by the time you came along you had to be eighteen. HOBERT: Yeah, I had to be eighteen when I went to work in ‘41. BERGE: When you went to work there, what kind of work did you do? HOBERT: Coal loading with a shovel, you know, it was hand loading coal. BERGE: And, uh, who’d you work with in the mines there? Your cousin? HOBERT: Not when I first started, I didn’t but at mine 18, yeah. BERGE: That’s what I mean. HOBERT: Yeah, yeah mine 18. BERGE: What was his name? HOBERT: Guy Gregory. BERGE: Guy Gregory. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 4 �HOBERT: Um hm. BERGE: And uh, when you were living, when you were down there working, were you still living with your cousin then? HOBERT: Yeah, I stayed with him on the beginning with that so . . . when ( ) BERGE: Where’d you meet your wife? HOBERT: Well, I guess I’d met her . . . at church out there. Beech grove Church. BERGE: At the Beech grove Church? HOBERT: Yeah. They live right there at the church because ( ). BERGE: Uh huh. And what was your wife’s maiden name? HOBERT: Waters. BERGE: OK. And first name? HOBERT: Truie. BERGE: T-R-U-I-E, is that right, Ms. Waters, err, Mrs. Vaughn. Who were your mother and father, Mrs. Vaughn? TRUIE: Henry Waters was my father and Lilly Jane Troxel, my mother. BERGE: All right now, uh, who . . . let me get my . . . this . . . we might as well . . . why don’t you do this while I’m talking with her. Unidentified Female (U): I will. We’re trying to get everybody’s relations clear. BERGE: All right. Now Mrs. . . . NANCY: It’s hard if you don’t know. BERGE: Make make one on the bottom there for Henry Waters. All right, how many . . . who were your . . . how many brothers and sisters did you have? TRUIE: Ah, . . . I guess three sisters. BERGE: All right, who was the oldest child in your family? TRUIE: Um, her name Disie. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 5 �BERGE: Disie, D-I-C-I-E. TRUIE: D-I-S-I-E. BERGE: D-I-S-I-E. And who was the next one? TRUIE: Um, that was my brother, Leonard. L-E-O-N-A-R-D. BERGE: Now, I think Leonard’s the one we have a picture of standing on the, on the . . . TRUIE: Trestle? BERGE: Trestle coming across the river there. Ah. Nola TRUIE: ( ) BERGE: Right gave us a picture of him the other night he was standing on the bridge coming across the tipple and, uh, you could see the shop house behind him back there. TRUIE: Yeah? BERGE: Uh huh. And then who was the next one? TRUIE: Myself. BERGE: All right. TRUIE: Uh . . . BERGE: And then after you? TRUIE: After me another sister Elaney. BERGE: Spell that. TRUIE: E-L-A-N-E-Y. BERGE: Uh, huh. TRUIE: And another brother, Curtis. BERGE: C-U-R-T-I-S? TRUIE: T-I-S. And another one, Dillard. D-I-L-L-A-R-D. And another sister, Hattie. H-A-T-T-I-E. And a brother, Glen. G-L-E-N. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 6 �BERGE: So that was a pretty big family? Now you. . . TRUIE: Quite a family. BERGE: Your father, Henry, did he have many brothers and sisters? TRUIE: Well, yes, about the same size family. BERGE: Who were some of his brothers? What were their names? TRUIE: Uh, Willy . . . BERGE: OK, TRUIE: Waters. BERGE: I’ve heard of him. TRUIE: And Nelson BERGE: Um hm. TRUIE: Waters. And he had one Critt Waters. BERGE: Um hm. TRUIE: And his sisters, Verdie Taftly. BERGE: OK. NANCY: Oh! OK. BERGE: Ok. TRUIE: And he had a sister Marie. BERGE: Now I ( ) Nola Trammel had a picture of Verdie and one of her brothers when Verdie was real young. TRUIE: Um hm. BERGE: In a picture album down there when I was down there that day. NANCY: I think I missed one. I got Willy and Nelson and Critt and Verdie. Was there another one? TRUIE: How many? Page 7 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �NANCY: One, two, three, four, five including your father. Was there six? HOBERT: Marie, she said. NANCY: Ah! HOBERT: Marie. NANCY: All right. BERGE: Now . . . NANCY: We’ll get it off the tape if I missed . . . BERGE: Now, uh, . . . TRUIE: And he also had a half-sister, Rachel. BERGE: Hobert, ah, over where Henry Waters lived up there . . . If I was . . . we crossed the river from the tipple, which direction would you go to their house? HOBERT: You’d turn right. BERGE: And how far down there was it? HOBERT: Well, I’d say it wasn’t over a . . . mile and a half, was it? Might a been . . . something like mile and half , three quarters. TRUIE: I think . . . HOBERT: Mile and three quarters. TRUIE: I think maybe two miles, I heard them say. BERGE: Ah, who was Lonnie Waters father? HOBERT: Willie. TRUIE: Willie. BERGE: Willie was Lonnie’s father? TRUIE: Uh huh. BERGE: Now they were neighbors to you weren’t they? Page 8 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �HOBERT: Um hm. BERGE: Henry and Willie lived near each other, didn’t they? TRUIE: Uh, yeah. BERGE: OK. OK. OK. I’ll tell you why I ask because when I was talking with Elma Wright last week, she was talking about Henry, where Henry Waters and Willie Waters lived and I thought you might, that might a been the two families she was talking about over there. TRUIE: Yeah. BERGE: ‘Cause she said when she was teaching school there, she stayed with . . . once or twice with . . . one of the Waters families there . . . kids that had her home, you know, from spending the night and the weekend or something like that. I think it might have been Lonnie that . . . When, uh, . . . you two, when you all, when you went there to work, like ah, . . . you said you thought you probably met your wife at church. Is that right? Or up near church? HOBERT: Yeah it was at church. [laughs] Actually going from church, you know. BERGE: That was a common thing then was it? I mean, seems like a lot of the men that I’ve talked with and the women I’ve talked with when . . . talked with them how they met and where they met, it was . . . something around the church. It seemed like . . . HOBERT: Yeah BERGE: Was that about the only thing that really happened? HOBERT: Ah, it boils . . . it ah . . . course they was . . . back at that time, you know, uh, people was raised back in there, you know, they didn’t go out at these places, you know, in town like ( ) Stearns, places like that, back then, you know, they didn’t have places to go to back then really, you know, other places, other than church, course. BERGE: Like um, . . . what kind of . . . a special thing at the church where you all met or was it just she coming home from church? Just a regular church, is that it? HOBERT: Yeah they was just having Sunday school, Sunday school, I mean not Sunday school but Sunday’s church worship, you know, as far as I know at that time. BERGE: It wasn’t a revival or anything like that? HOBERT: No I don’t think so. BERGE: Were you . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 9 �HOBERT: ( ) I don’t really know. BERGE: Can you remember it, Mrs. Vaughn? HOBERT: It was just a church, Sunday church. TRUIE: It was just a Sunday service. HOBERT: I don’t know if it was a revival going on. TRUIE: Least as I remember. BERGE: Were you a regular church goer then? TRUIE: Yes. BERGE: Were you? HOBERT: No. No I wasn’t BERGE: ( ) men never really got started real early did they [laughter – William]. HOBERT: No. No I didn’t. I really didn’t at that time. BERGE: When you . . . when were you saved? HOBERT: Ah, it was in ’42. BERGE: Was it a revival? HOBERT: Yeah, it was a revival going on. BERGE: Who’s revival was it? HOBERT: Well sir, ah, I remember, the best I remember now, preacher by the name of Levi Cox was the pastor and, ah, Simon Waters, I believe, was their evangelist, speaker in that. BERGE: Where was it? HOBERT: Beech grove. BERGE: Did Simon baptize you? HOBERT: Uh huh. BERGE: Do you have a picture of it? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 10 �HOBERT: I don’t know, not then. I don’t reckon anybody started taking them pictures then or something. BERGE: I believe Simon probably has it. HOBERT: Well, he might have it. He might have it now. BERGE: ‘Cause I believe he has a picture of every baptize that he ever did. HOBERT: Well he might have it now. BERGE: Were you baptized in the Big South Fork? HOBERT: Yeah, just down below the church house down there. Course I wasn’t baptized into that church now, I was in Beech grove. BERGE: Was there a church down in Blue Heron? Down at mine 18, then? Or was that before the church was built? HOBERT: I believe that was before the church was organized there, yeah, I’m pretty sure it was before . .. NANCY: So pretty much everybody from there went to Beech grove at the time? Did they ever have church in the schoolhouse before the church? HOBERT: Now I suppose they did. I, I, I don’t, I don’t recall. We didn’t, we didn’t move, we didn’t move our membership there until in ah, the fall of ’54, I believe it was, wasn’t it? And so . . . or they perhaps did maybe while they was building the building I’d say . . . service in the schoolhouse, right there, I’d say they did, maybe. BERGE: Did you and Mrs. Vaughn ever life at mine 18? HOBERT: Yes we lived there . . . twice but I just simply can’t tell you the first time that I moved down there, what year it was. But the last time that we moved there, it was in the, ah, . . . the summer of, ah, ’54, I believe it was. Summer of ’54 . . . and we moved from there in the . . . in the summer of ’55 . . . to the home we at now. BERGE: You came out here then. HOBERT: Um hm. BERGE: Well all right. The two times you lived there, what house did you live in? HOBERT: ( ) It was a little three-room house down below what they call the, ah, magazine up there, as you come down from, I didn’t hardly show you where about where that magazine was, huh? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 11 �BERGE: Yeah, he and, uh, Deb Massy showed me where that was. HOBERT: That’s where, that’s where they kept the powder. BERGE: Uh huh. HOBERT: And ah . . . BERGE: Is that the first one you lived in? HOBERT: Yeah that was the first one we lived in. There’s a little three-roomed house down the right . . . BERGE: Uh huh HOBERT: over the bank there . . . BERGE: yeah HOBERT: and down below that and course the last time we moved, some of my children’s got a picture of that house. BERGE: Where was that? HOBERT: That was on down here next to the bridge, . . . the ( ) Bridge there, there was a, there was one right next to the bridge there, that they moved up out of the bottom down there next to the road. BERGE: Uh huh. HOBERT: And then it was the next one as you go up towards the . . . BERGE: Towards the tipple? HOBERT: Yeah. BERGE: Um hm. HOBERT: It was the next one that set on the right there. BERGE: Uh huh. And those were the two houses you lived in down there? HOBERT: Yeah. ( ) BERGE: Now, when, ah, when you lived down there, Mrs. Vaughn, did you, uh, and you lived out on the ridge too, I guess you lived out . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 12 �HOBERT: Beyond on the mountain, beyond where you’s going, where’s yous went to go down . . . to turn down that ridge there, take them ( ), we lived beyond, down the ridge there ah, ( ) and then we moved from there to Devil’s Creek then down. BERGE: Uh huh. When you, did you ever shop at the store at Blue Heron? TRUIE: Yes. BERGE: How’d you get over there . . . TRUIE: Several times . . . BERGE: How’d you get over there to do that shopping? TRUIE: Well when we lived on Devil Creek, I crossed that bridge . . . came down the steps through the tipple and walked the plank out on the bank ( ) the plank laid on the steps and it went out on a high bank and I walked out and around down to the store and got my groceries and back up the steps and through the tipple and across the bridge. BERGE: Uh huh. TRUIE: And when we lived down on the railroad, course I just walked up the railroad. [laughter – Truie] Carried my groceries back . . . BERGE: Who worked in the store there when you did, when you shopped there? TRUIE: Uh, ( ) Prior. BERGE: And then of course later, I guess, when you lived there, Theodore . . . HOBERT: Yeah, well, I don’t know whether Theodore come there before we, uh, moved out of Knob but anyway he was, he was a . . . merchant there afterwards. We, we traded some there while he was there. I don’t know whether he come before we moved out or not. I . . . I really can’t recall whether he did or not. BERGE: Yeah, he did, ’49, I think. HOBERT: Well, well we, that was before we come here then. BERGE: Um hm. HOBERT: Well, he worked there while Bill was there . . . BERGE: Oh yeah, he worked for Bill there too, yeah. HOBERT: Yeah, that’s right, yeah. Page 13 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �BERGE: Do you all remember the Blue Heron quartet? TRUIE: I do. HOBERT: I remember some of them but I don’t know ( ). BERGE: Who was in it, Truie? TRUIE: Well, I can’t recall their names now but ah, I know there was ( ) that was a ( ). HOBERT: No, I believe you’re mistaken about that, ain’t you. BERGE: I’m thinking about that quartet that Bill Prior and Ed, Lee Baker had. HOBERT: Yeah. That was Bill and Lee and Elmer Taylor. TRUIE: Well now that might a been . . . HOBERT: And I don’t know, I don’t know now the ah . . . there was a lady that I don’t know what ( ) BERGE: Bill Prior’s daughter was in it wasn’t it? HOBERT: I don’t know now. I, I don’t know about that. A lady was in it but anyway what, what, what was there . . . Bill daughters or either the, Lee’s wife. I don’t know which. BERGE: So in other words, it might have been Lee Baker’s wife? HOBERT: Well, [laughter - Hobert] as far as I know. I do know there was one in it but I just tell you the truth about it, I even ( ), we wasn’t, we didn’t attend church there then when they was a quartet, a quartet but I did know . . . did know some of the quartet, I heared them over, they sung over the radio, they sung. BERGE: I guess you changed, you moved your membership to that church when you and Mrs. Vaughn . . . moved down there. HOBERT: The last time, yeah. BERGE: Uh huh. HOBERT: In ’54. BERGE: The first time you lived there, did you go back up on the ridge to church all the time? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 14 �HOBERT: Yeah. Yeah we went back to Leitchfield then, that was . . . the church then. Ah, . . . I can’t remember how long, we didn’t stay there at . . . the first time. I don’t think we lived there very long that first time. BERGE: You didn’t move too long the second time [laughter] . . . HOBERT: No, no. BERGE: in just a year. Why’d you stay there such a short time? HOBERT: Well, I, I . . . one reason I, is come to my mind is on account of school. ( ) you see there wasn’t no, there, after they had . . . just connected to school down there and they was bussing the children out, you know, and we was afraid of that road because it was dangerous, you know, with a school bus it went over the bank up there once with them and ah . . . so that was why, why it was trying to get out because it didn’t have no school there and was having to bus the children back out and forth. BERGE: But you did join the church out there in ’54? And after you joined the church down there, did you keep going to church there? Even after you moved out? HOBERT: Yeah, um hm. BERGE: Who was the pastor there when you joined there? HOBERT: It was ( ) Stanley. BERGE: When did you become pastor of that church? HOBERT: Oh, . . . you got me there. I’d say it was either . . . I’d say it ( ), must a been, best I recall, must a been around ’59. BERGE: Did ( ) Stanley stay as the pastor there until you became the pastor? HOBERT: No, no. He ah . . . ( ) Slavan was a . . . he resigned, he was elected one year and he resigned and ah, ( ) Slavan, we used to always call him ( ) but that was after ( ). And he pastored there, he was on an expired term TRUIE: Excuse me ( ) HOBERT: but I don’t know time it was. BERGE: And then you were the pastor after ( ) Slaven. HOBERT: Yeah, uh huh. BERGE: Uh huh. So Harvey was telling us that he thought there were four people . . . isn’t that right? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 15 �NANCY: Uh huh. And he couldn’t remember all of them, but he thought there were four pastors. BERGE: Or four people who . . . became ah, NANCY: Or four people who were ordained . . . BERGE: Or yeah, maybe that was it. NANCY: Maybe that’s it. BERGE: He said there were four people who were ordained down at that church. You and ( ) Slaven and Ronald Taftly and who else? HOBERT: I’d say it was Willis Watson. I’d say he was ordained there. BERGE: That’s the name, I think. Uh, were you all ordained at the same time? HOBERT: No. Uh uh. BERGE: Who was ordained the first? HOBERT: I believe . . . ( ) Slaven was ordained there and I don’t know about . . . I just can’t recall to mind where Willis Watson . . . was ordained ( ) was not. But it just maybe was a short period of time there that they, between then . . . BERGE: Uh hm. HOBERT: But . . . I actually don’t know what ah, what to tell you about that who . . . but I know ( ) was already in before I was. BERGE: Uh hm. HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: Who ah, . . . who was the biggest influence . . . on you becoming a preacher? You becoming a pastor? HOBERT: [laughter] BERGE: I mean what human being . . . HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: what, what William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 16 �HOBERT: Oh well really ah . . . I, that I just couldn’t hardly tell you. Yeah, from the time I, I just be truthful about the matter from the time I was, I was saved . . . why . . . I’d been arrested ( ) there but I, as far as some indi, individual now, course her dad he was a, he was a deacon, you know, ordained deacon. He, course he helped me a lot. BERGE: You mean Henry Waters? HOBERT: Yeah. BERGE: Uh huh. HOBERT: He helped me a lot. But now he was, he was dead when I was ordained. BERGE: Uh huh. HOBERT: But he did give me a bible and he said this, I want you to take . . . and . . . BERGE: So he was . . . HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: He was an influence . . . HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: He was an influence. HOBERT: Yeah, he was, he was, he was something, yeah. Sure. BERGE: The uh, who were some really good preachers you remember here in your lifetime? HOBERT: Ah, well, I ( ), I might say this, that ah, . . . ( ) Slaven there, after he come there at 18 and all, he come co-op there when the mine started back up in . . . ’54. Ah, him and I and, course now ( ) . . . ( ) preacher Levi Cox, you know, he was a, he was the one I really, and of course ( ) Stanley, I, yeah I really ( ) him. Yeah but ( ) Levi Cox was a’preaching the gospel [laughter], ( ) it arrested me, you know. BERGE: He did. HOBERT: Yeah. He was preaching the message. BERGE: Where was ( ) Davis uh ordained, do you know? HOBERT: Well, he, he, he was ordained back up north after he left here . . . BERGE: OK, after he left here . . . William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 17 �HOBERT: Yeah, yeah, after he left, yeah, he was . . . BERGE: Would you mind ah, actually it’d probably be better if Nancy would ask you this. Would you mind telling us a little bit about ah . . . the . . . how you became ordained in that church like ah, how . . . how they, how, how it happened and when it happened and all that type thing? A little bit about the process. HOBERT: Well, well they just ah . . . what they done, you know, is, you know, they just, they just felt, you know, in fact about the matter, I never told them. Really. And it were announced the Lord is calling and they just, church just felt like, you know, I had been a Sunday school superintendent down at Beechgrove and course after I came down there, why . . . through the process the church just felt . . . let it be known . . . set me aside and I, I made ( ) church conference business night and the next time they called in a, a they called a council, you know, like from other churches, you know, to participate in the ordination, you now. NANCY: Can you . . . HOBERT: Rather than just the church itself, you know . . . BERGE: Is Truie ( )? NANCY: Can you give me something, give me a sort of description of what the process of ordination is like, what it, how it works? In other words, once either you have decided that you have been called or they vote, I guess that’s how it is? How does it proceed then? Just tell me how it goes. HOBERT: Well, after that, you know, it was like I said, they call in maybe as many as . . . they contact maybe as many as a couple of other churches, you know, one or two other churches. Say like the Baptist Churches, you know. They contact them and get . . . official leader from them maybe their pastor and some of their ordained ministers or deacons ah, and come in, you know and then when they, and then when this church, when they come in, you know, this next session, see, like the next session, when they come in, why they ah, . . . they’ve got the church then, it has the last say anyway, over the council, the council don’t have no authority over . . . [interruption, recording cut off mid-sentence after 15 minutes on Side One and was blank until the end of Side One] Side Two HOBERT: . . . ( ) votes, you know, to accept the council that they have called in, you know. NANCY: Did they ask you questions? HOBERT: Yeah, yeah, after, after, you’re turned over, you know, as a candidate for ah ministry, you know, why yeah, they go through, that’s what the council does, you know, they ask you questions and ( ). . . Page 18 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �NANCY: Are they like a formal list of questions or can they ask you anything they want? HOBERT: They can ask you whatever they feel necessary, you know, because, it’s from the bible, you know, is how they do it, and then, of course, you know, you is given a charge, it’s from the, the bible, you know. If you ever read the ah . . . Timothy. First Timothy the third chapter or ah . . . Titus the second chapter well you find out how the charges goes there, you know, it’s the process to that. So that, that’s, that’s when they, the church has to accept this council they call in and then they, what they do, they release you then to the council. By . . . turn you over to them and when they get through why they accept you back in as an ordained minister. ( ) . . . as far as that goes, you know, they accept you back in. They just turn you loose. [laughter] They discharge you. ( ). . . NANCY: Do you have to preach a sermon as part of that process? HOBERT: Well, they, they, they sometimes, they want you to and sometimes they don’t. Sometimes they want you to. NANCY: Did you, did . . . HOBERT: But I didn’t. NANCY: You didn’t. HOBERT: I got out of it. NANCY: [laughter] HOBERT: It’s like I said, old elder preachers that we was , we told him a while ago that we, without so much, why he, he, he preached the, the . . . the message, you know, about the message. NANCY: Did you preach there regularly after that? HOBERT: Yeah, yeah, I did. I, well, not . . . well not, say not too regularly. I was there for a while until after I . . . pretty often. Oh we did, you know, we had some wonderful, wonderful services there, there’s no question. Lord just wanted the best. Just about every time you went into the, ( ) went into the church service, worship service or Sunday school or whatever, why he’s just, it just simply . . . BERGE: Did you miss that church? HOBERT: Yeah, Lord, yeah. Lord, yeah. But it’s got down so, you know, people that moved out of the camp and is always going back in there that had to carry it out, you know, and just got down ( ) county, complicated ( ). Yeah, it was, it was sure . . . really did have wonderful services now. Four of our children was saved there. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 19 �BERGE: Well, you know, every . . . I was talking with a number of people, you know, who went to church there and it seems that a lot of preachers people who’ve became clergymen came out of that, not that, not only that church but that country down there, didn’t they? HOBERT: Back prior to where, when we, before we come there, I remember an old elder preacher that . . . I don’t recall his first name but I believe it was Silvers . . . from down at Burnsides, somewhere in there, somewhere, I believe pastured a church there. BERGE: I’ve heard of him. HOBERT: ( ) Silvers. But I don’t recall his first name. BERGE: Do you, did you ever hear a Bill Simpson preach? HOBERT: Yeah. Bill, Bill Simpson, that’s colored? Yeah, sure have. Time or two. BERGE: What did you think of him as a preacher? HOBERT: Oh he, he could carry a preach back then. Yeah, I tell you ( ). I heard him, I hear, he come to Beechgrove. He preached out there a few times and then he preached over on what they called the Wilson routes. Well, he was, he was, I thought . . . ( ). BERGE: I heard that. I heard he was a powerful preacher. HOBERT: Yeah he was. He sure was. Course I was young then and I, but I was just a young Christian then, you know, and well anyway, I heard him, he come to Beechgrove a few times and preached. BERGE: Were you real nervous when you first started to preach? HOBERT: Not a bit. Not a bit. Not a bit, I was just, you hear, you hear in the bible, you know, speaking of a . . . Ezekiel ( ) water, you know, to the ankles, to the knees, then to the loins, and it become a river, a river to swim in couldn’t pass over? That’s just the way it happened. I just had to get out in the swimming waters before I had to swim ( ). The Lord let me swim [laughter] instead of drowning. BERGE: Just came natural then? HOBERT: Yeah, yeah, sir. Yeah, yeah it’s a divine call from God. There ain’t no question about it. BERGE: Do you remember down in your church down there, did you have good music in that church? HOBERT: No we didn’t have no music. We, unfortunately we just didn’t have no music. Yeah, I don’t know, they just, they just never did . . . never did get any, I don’t know. BERGE: You had a choir, didn’t you? HOBERT: Yeah, yeah. Page 20 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �BERGE: You mean no instruments? HOBERT: No instruments. Yeah. Oh yeah . . . BERGE: I meant, I meant ( ) . . . HOBERT: Yeah yeah, I’m sorry. Yeah we had choir. We didn’t have no piano or any thing like that, no instruments ( ). BERGE: Who were some good singers down there? Did you have some good singers from your church? HOBERT: Yeah, yeah they was. Yeah, they was they . . . Well, I don’t know . . . they had just about, just about all of them, you know, Silas Frost, he was one of the deacons and his wife Pearly. They was regular attenders then when the church was going on. They sung. BERGE: Did you, did you sing in the choir, Mrs. Vaughn? TRUIE: Yes. NANCY: Did you ever go to singing school? TRUIE: Yes. NANCY: What was that like? TRUIE: Um, say what was it like? NANCY: Yeah, what was it like? I mean . . . TRUIE: What was it like? NANCY: Sort of describe what it’s like to go to singing school for me. TRUIE: Well, . . . It’s just to learn music and ( ) how to sing with the music in the songbooks. It’s about all the way I can describe it. NANCY: How they teach you? Like what, what was it, if you were to describe to me what it, what a class was like. TRUIE: Well, they had a blackboard, they called it then up on the wall . . . NANCY: Uh huh TRUIE: and the singing school teacher would write those notes and music on the board and teach us by that. Page 21 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �NANCY: Was it all shape notes? TRUIE: Um hm. BERGE: Who would ah, how did you get to go? Did your parents have to pay for you to go or . . .? TRUIE: Well, . . . I suppose the, they paid the singing school teacher, you know, to teach the class and it would leave maybe for a week or a couple of weeks and then later while I attended too. NANCY: So did they come down there to do it or did you have to go out? TRUIE: They, they came down there. NANCY: Something else I’m sort of interested in is what your church service is like. You know, if you were to go and you were from another church. What would it, you know, just describe the sort of order of the worship. What it’s like. BERGE: And before you do that, was, is the church service you have now just like the church service you had when you were at the church in Blue Heron? HOBERT: Yeah, it’s a, it’s, it’s carried on just . . . similar ( ). As far as church service concerned. BERGE: Describe it to us as if you know we had, well, like we’d never been to church or we’d never been to a church like yours. Just tell me so we have some idea what the service was like down there, that’s what really we need to know, we want to know. Like what would happen when we first came in . . . the building. Would we see, would you, would somebody like you be standing there or we’d just come in like we do at an other church and sit down. What was the order of worship, I guess? NANCY: Yeah, like would anybody greet you and then did you have hymns first or did it go from the beginning to the end? HOBERT: Well, if it was a, yeah, of course if it was, you know, a . . . visitors or anything like that somebody would yeah oh yeah they would, they would greet you. And the end, you know, the services course, like I said it was services started it always be by singing and prayer, you know, and . . . then the worship service and then the message and all. And of course . . . about all, about all, all I know that, that . . . the people come in ( ) they was welcomed both saved and non saved and and they was just welcomed into the house of the Lord, you know, and as far, like I say, as far as the worship service, it’s just . . . just singing and prayer and then the message course sometimes someone probably make introductions and . . . but anyway Sunday school was conducted by a superintendent, you know, and teaches for the classes for Sunday school. NANCY: Did the Sunday school break into age groups? HOBERT: Yeah, yeah most of the time they had a they did, they had a bible, a bible class and maybe a . . . yeah they had intermediate class and junior class. I don’t know whether they were both the same or Page 22 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �not but anyway had, they might have been different than them, I don’t know for sure but anyway the little ones had a card class, you know. But they was different classes, you know, as far as Sunday school was concerned. BERGE: Did you ever teach any Sunday school, Mrs. . . . TRUIE: Uh, Yes. I have. BERGE: Down there at mine 18? NANCY: ( ) TRUIE: ( ) intermediate BERGE: You were, were you disagreeing with Mr. Vaughn about what he was saying or was he right about that? TRUIE: About the church service? BERGE: No the Sunday school . . . NANCY: Sunday school, how it broke up into different classes. TRUIE: Oh the Sunday school. Uh, yes ( ) was there. A bible class, and an intermediate, and a junior, and a card class. BERGE: Ok. NANCY: Tell me what a card class is. TRUIE: It’s small kids, the youngest off kids, five and six and you know down that age. Just they got little cards then that would have religious pictures on them and just more like bible stories to get them to understanding more. To know more what they was reading when they went into a different class. NANCY: And would you tell them stories that went with the pictures? TRUIE: Well, just, just read the, let them read the card or read the card to them and and talk about what was on the card and just kind of go along with them like that. NANCY: Was there a time when you did memory work with in Sunday school so that they remembered passages from the bible? HOBERT: Um hm. TRUIE: Yes. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 23 �NANCY: And they were cited? TRUIE: Um hm. NANCY: How old were they when they did that? TRUIE: Well, I guess back then when they started in the junior class. NANCY: Did they go home and learn them and then come back and recite them the next week or how did it go? TRUIE: Well, yeah most of the time they would . . . NANCY: Because I remember studying real hard. TRUIE: They’d have, they’d have to study on that. NANCY: Uh huh. TRUIE: And know it when they came back. NANCY: Um, Harvey told us, I guess about Saturday night being a sort of business meeting and prayer service also? Is that right? BERGE: Is that every Saturday night or is that just . . . NANCY: Just once a month? BERGE: Once a month? HOBERT: Uh, the business conference, we called a business conference just once a month. And of course down there . . . TRUIE: But they had church service every two weeks. BERGE: On Saturday? HOBERT: They had, they had the second, second Saturday night conference business night and then they had service on the fourth Saturday night and . . . and I believe Sunday school . . . and . . . outside of ( ) that might have been all the services they had down there. But then I was Sunday night service down there. BERGE: Did they, but they had Sunday, did they have Sunday services right after Sunday school? HOBERT: Sometimes, sometimes they did, I believe they did, they did if . . . sometimes that they did have . . . worship services, preaching service maybe after Sunday school, sometimes. Page 24 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �BERGE: But Saturday night was the most important one, huh? HOBERT: Well, yeah that’s, that, that was worship service was on on Saturday night, second which is the business conference then the fourth Saturday night. Now outside of revival, of course, you know, when you had a revival, they had it on . . . Sunday nights ( ) nights. BERGE: But they didn’t have services on Sunday morning? HOBERT: Uh, no, not unless . . . not unless they, they, they was . . . I don’t recall if any special . . . sessions down there. I mean the worship services down there unless unless it had been during a revival they might postpone the Sunday school ( ). BERGE: Um hm. HOBERT: On Sunday morning. Outside of that, I believe it was just Sunday school , they, like I said they might have had a preach and worship service there was a few times after Sunday school. I, I lost my miracle ( ) prior to when we was there, before we come there, now I don’t know really, really know how ... BERGE: Now over here these ( ) from where you are? HOBERT: Yeah, it’s . . . BERGE: Was, is yours on Saturday night now? HOBERT: Uh, it’s every Sunday night service now, worship service on every Sunday night and we don’t have no prior service through the week. And the business conferences on . . . third Saturday night. Business session . . . every Sunday night service. BERGE: Um hm. NANCY: Down at Blue Heron, did they have adult bible class? HOBERT: Um hm. NANCY: What, what day of the week was that and what was that like? Did . . . HOBERT: Oh yeah . . . I, I ( ) adult bible class, now you got me there. I, I was thinking you was talking about the adult bible class in that’s taught in Sunday school ( ) . . . NANCY: Oh, OK. BERGE: Yeah, yeah. HOBERT: That was on, that was on the Sunday . . . Page 25 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �BERGE: On Sunday school. NANCY: OK so that . . . BERGE: Who taught that down there? Did you teach that? HOBERT: Ah, no. I, I never. I, I didn’t ( ) teach bible class there. I don’t know. I guess . . . I’d say that . . . TRUIE: Fred Craig. HOBERT: Yeah, Fred Craig, he’s dead now he, he taught bible class there. The biggest portion was time, I, I believe while he was there. BERGE: Um hm HOBERT: While he was living, I believe he taught about, just about the biggest portion of the time he was ( ). BERGE: Do you ever remember anyone ever being married in the church at mine 18? HOBERT: No. No I don’t. BERGE: Did you ever marry anybody from down there when you a pastor at mine 18? HOBERT: No I never married nobody down there. BERGE: Why did people not get married in church? HOBERT: Mmm. BERGE: Do you know? HOBERT: I don’t know. Now they might have, they might have been some married there, like I said prior to us coming down . . . BERGE: I don’t think so. I’ve never, I’ve talked to everybody who ever lived there they’d never heard of anyone, I wondered why people didn’t get married in church. HOBERT: I don’t, I don’t really know then. I just, that’s beyond my knowing. I don’t, I don’t really know why they didn’t. NANCY: Where did you all get married.? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 26 �HOBERT: Ah we, we, unfortunately we was married out at the, out at the courthouse here at Whitley City, you know we was, back then . . . BERGE: That was common though wasn’t it? HOBERT: Yeah back then you know we was riding the train in and out of there. BERGE: [laughing] HOBERT: There wasn’t no road in there . . . BERGE: Did anybody come in with you when you got married? Did, did any of your friends come with you? HOBERT: No. BERGE: Just the two of you? HOBERT: Oh, your mother was, wasn’t she? TRUIE: Yes. HOBERT: She was ( ). She was. Yeah, we had to ride the that steam engine ( ) up and down the scenic railroad now [laughing]. BERGE: [laughter] NANCY: I guess it was pretty scenic then too [laughter] HOBERT: Yeah, yeah it was but we did have a cover over then. We didn’t have a box, you know, a boxed in. I wasn’t like it is now when we went down there that Sunday. ( ) Just ground breaking ( ). BERGE: It was cold that day wasn’t it? HOBERT: It was cold, boy. It was cold. BERGE: We went down on the bus so I didn’t get on the train. HOBERT: It got warm, it got warm after we got on the bus, it got unloaded and ( ) daughter rode down there. When we got on the but there it was warm but that train is cold. NANCY: I had one more question about sort of religious life down there then we’ll go on to some more different kinds of things. How is a revival different than a regular church meeting? Then a service? How, how does it, how would, if I went to a revival how would it be different than going to a service? HOBERT: Well, it, it, really, it really . . . ah . . . it wouldn’t be . . . Page 27 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �BERGE: I’d put my pocketknife somewhere and it’s driving me crazy. HOBERT: Ah not much ( ) except, you know a revival is sometimes there’s a, there’s other, there’s an evangelist comes in to preach, you know and they do the, you know, they do let, let them do the preaching, you know, and as far as that’s ( ) goes and course you know, as far as that’s concerned, it’s just like these other revivals you see on the TV, you know, there’s a call made for sinners, you know, at some point in time there at the break up, you know, there’s a call for saved people, you know, that want to come to Christ. Feel it. ( ). . . NANCY: And would that not happen in the regular service? HOBERT: Well, it, it, it did a few times. It did a few times there. It’s like I say, it’s just . . . I, I, I just have to be honest with you, here’s just about there for, for ( ) time, it’s just a revival, like every time we met together. NANCY: Um hm. HOBERT: You see a revival . . . you, you understand you may of course use, I don’t know whether you understand it yet, a revival is where the ah, ah, the saved people that’s not for the sinners you know, a revival is for saved people to be revived and then and the gospel to be sent out to the lost. But then they hear it, believe and be saved. And so it’s just about a revival every time we met together there. And I’ve ( ) this meeting Sunday school you have to be in Sunday school ( ) they just break out and I’ll tell you right now . . . it’s just about a revival every time we went together. NANCY: Um hm. HOBERT: There for a time and a time. BERGE: How many have you generally met down there? HOBERT: Huh? BERGE: How many people would there when you had services? HOBERT: Well there had to been a few times there that either ( ) oh I don’t know what ( ) it’s a big building but, I have a, well, on the average I guess they’d be . . . on up to, like I told you last, I’d guess there’d be forty or fifty people in there. TRUIE: Ah . . . they would be more than that . . . HOBERT: I’m not being just to get ( ) but sometimes it’d be more than that ( ). . .. TRUIE:at first after they went to moving away and all, you know, it just . . . HOBERT: oh yeah, yeah . . . Page 28 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �TRUIE:kept going down to fewer families. HOBERT: what I, he meant the what’d be about that was it got down to about ( ) . . . BERGE: If an outside man wanted to come there and preach the revival in your church, how did that come about? Did he come, come to you with it or did you, how did he get to do that? Did you all invite people in or did they ask you if they could come in and . . .? HOBERT: Well, sometimes, sometimes it might have happened but I, I, they would be, there’s only one that come on a revival. Revivals, like I say, when I, when I was had the other church and I was a pastor, why, I believe there was, there might have been two or three or so that wanted to come to revival. They, they’d come, they, they would usually come to me, yeah. They’d usually come ( ) the pastor ( ). BERGE: Mm hmm. Who were some who had them there when you were a pastor? HOBERT: Mm, well, like I say that, I just, ( ) I know Levi Cox and I know of Robert Jones. Of course he lived back on Hickory Knob and ( ) Slaven. ( ) a revival when I was there preaching at a revival. But I just ... TRUIE:What was the one from ( )? HOBERT: Well, he, he’s talking about when I was there. Of course ( ) . . . TRUIE:Well you was there . . . HOBERT: ( ) Stanley, TRUIE:talking ( ) . . . HOBERT: when he was a pastor why I, well, I don’t, you know, he was . . . ( ) I don’t know but like I say they always ( ) at the pastor ( ). BERGE: Mm hmm. NANCY: Did you ever invite anybody to come and do a revival? HOBERT: Yeah, I have, I, I did. A few times there. ( ) these fellows I talked about, it just . . . Sometimes, you know, people get some, get to ( ) on their hearts, you know, . . . BERGE: I want to just ask you something. Did you, . . . NANCY: ( ) TRUIE:( ) William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 29 �BERGE: when you picked the messages . . . NANCY: She’s got another one. Who is it? HOBERT: No, no. TRUIE:It was a ( ). BERGE: Uh huh. TRUIE:in ( ). BERGE: Do you want to answer that, I’ll turn this off ( ). TRUIE:I’ll get it, I’ll get it in here, I get it in here. NANCY: Ok. BERGE: ( ) You, you were talking about the messages, you know that you’d preach on when you’re having services. What kind of things did you, did you talk to people about, something that would happen or just general things, I mean, what, what, if something happened locally that you thought needed to be talked about, would you talk about it? HOBERT: No, unfortunately I never did, I never did go out like that, seemed like. I al, I just always tried to be, you know, ( ) I never did go to the seminary or, you know, ( ) BERGE: No that’s not what I meant, I guess. HOBERT: I mean I, I, I mean I never did, I just always looked, tried to ( ) and try to take the word for what, whatever’s leading it. Now, I ( ). . . NANCY: Would you pick a piece of scripture and then preach from, on that subject? HOBERT: I would, I would if I, if I, if that was, when the Lord laid it on the hearts of certain passages of scriptures, you know, then yeah, oh yeah. NANCY: But would there ever be anything that would happen like at Blue Heron that you would feel had a message in it and you would preach about it? HOBERT: Now sir, I, I don’t reckon there was as far as that ( ) is concerned outside of just what I said from ( ) Bible and ( ). I, I guess that, I guess that, you know, I see what you mean but I, I guess that was one thing . . . BERGE: Like if there was a lot of drinking in the camp you wouldn’t go out and preach about that? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 30 �HOBERT: No, no, no. Uh uh. No, no, no. No I, no I, I know what you mean. I, I, I’ve heard preachers that something would happen prior to . . . BERGE: Mm hmm. HOBERT: you know something that they’d, they’d, they’d take it everywhere it went, you know and speak to it but I, I, I never did it, no, uh uh. BERGE: Do you always know when you went in to the building that night what you were going to talk about? HOBERT: Not often no. ( ) BERGE: (laughter) HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: That’s why ( ) . . . HOBERT: No, no, I never ( ). No, not ( ). I just, like I say, I just, I let the Lord lead me. I try to ( ) that’s the main thing. Whatever . . . BERGE: Did the Lord ever set you up so you didn’t have anything to say when got up there? HOBERT: Well, if I ever pred, you know, what I mean, if ever, tried to fix a message before hand, why, I would lose it. ( ) BERGE: In other words it didn’t work for you that way. HOBERT: ( ) no, no, it wouldn’t work. ( ) (laughter) NANCY: ( ) that’s real inspirational. Truie, could I ask you a question? TRUIE:Mm hmm. NANCY: We don’t have any pictures of the church so far so we don’t know what it looked like. If you were to try and be my picture, could you just describe what the front of the church like looked like for me? Can you picture it in your head enough to just tell me what it looked like? TRUIE: The front of the church house? NANCY: Uh huh. So sort of, your facing it. TRUIE: Yes. The, it just had a roof on it and came down that way and, and it had a door in the middle and on the left hand side there was a clothes closet, a place to hang hats and coats and then on the other side of the door you went down in the basement where they taught Sunday school classes and Page 31 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �then the steps went straight down. Concrete steps and I don’t think they had any bars on the sides of them. They just real wide and pretty steep, several steps to get down. BERGE: How did you heat that church? TRUIE: coal furnace HOBERT: Coal furnace. B was it ( ) TRUIE: Yes it was. NANCY: Did it have windows along the sidewalks the way the church does now? HOBERT: Yeah but it had those, it had that glass that ah, just make a light but you couldn’t see in it, you couldn’t see out of it. I mean it let in only just the light you know. I forget what you call it. BERGE: Yeah I know what you mean, smoke glass kind of. HOBERT: It was ( ) BERGE: Yeah you can’t see in or out till you get the light through it, HOBERT: You get the light through it but that’s that’s the kind of glass it had. And then like she said now the building was setting up on the concrete foundation. It had a basement where all the concrete was built up from the ground not dup down and it was poured on top of the ground and laid flat ( ) build on the concrete. And that’s why the steps were so high and of course, about all you could do you could get a view of it, ( ) one of these churches up there . ( ) now they’ve got steps there but theirs goes in there kind of round. And they have a the bell peak up there like it had. You know the little building setting on top of the building the bell was hanging in. TAPE INTTERUPTED UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: The following is a continuation of the interview with Hobert Vaughn on October 29, 1984. Interruption NANCY: ( ) down here the way its set up? HOBERT: Yeah she’s like she said. The right went downin the basement there the door. And of course the closet on the left there and rack and coat things. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 32 �TRUIE: And where you went up on the pulpit now there was two sets of steps and it had a banister around. And on each side on the right and on ht elfet and on the right. Where you came off the pulpit on the floor like going toward the door and in between the seats tehere was this banister and it was built, justr built up and out just square, just square like square two by fours or something. And then on each step here it had a falt piece of wood on each one. And those were on this side and on then on this side over her, and they were () . HOBERT: One step up. NANCY: Did the choir process up in the beginin of the service to a hymn or were they already in place? HOBERT: They most of the time, lets see. They , a lot of them sit up in the front. TRUIE: Some set up there some wpoudl go on up and just set down. . . HOBERT: Just set down. TRUIE: And some if there any that set down back here they wouldn’t get up and go on that. And then I don’t think he mentioned a while ago about how the services were conducted. That one would , ah, after singing, what they called it conducting the service. And then after the service and then after that prayer. And then someone else would preach. And then they would hav e a Christian fellowship handshake before dismissal. NANCY: So that way if anybody was there who you didn’;t know you could meet them. TRUIE: Um hm. NANCY: And that was also a way of making it community. TRUIE: Um hm. Um hm. NANCY: Okay so a different person , did someone read from the bible as part of the service, read scripture? TRUIE: Well most of the time when they got up they would read and then they would talk you know nad then just ever what tey had to say. NANCY: But sometimes somebody different would do the prayer thst did the message. HOBERT: Uh huh. NANCY: It wasn’t always just the pastor. TRUIE: No. Not always the pastor, if there were any more ministers there they were invited to help in the service. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 33 �BERGE: How long would a service usually lkast? HOBERT: I’d say ( ) time it was I’d say it was at least two hours or more, longer. Might be till, might have been longer than that at times. NANCY: Is that how long your services are now about the same ? HOBERT: About the same thing over there now, about two hours in service, sometimes ( ) service about two hours. Well sometimes Sunday school might be, we don’t have any preaching service at our Sunday school. Sometimes it might be out at , see it starts at 10 it would be out at 11:30 or something. NANCY: How many hymns might you sing in the service? HOBERT: Soemtimes its always from thre to four , five, six. Sometimes it would depend on. BERGE: Who decides that? HOBERT: The leader, I mean who ever well BERGE: Do you decide that? HOBERT: No not really, sometimes though. There’s more than a leader that selkects songs sometimes. NANCY: Did you nave an offering there at Blue Heron? Pass a plate for an offering? HOBERT: Not everytime, not every service no uh uh. NANCY: Was it for a special purpose or was it just in general? HOBERT: Well , wel of course Sunday school was about every suinday there was a collection taken in the Sunday school , not , not at the church servuice. Not ever at the church service. Except, except now the conference, the business session. Now the business session night there was collection taken in yeah, but. NANCY: And that was used to help take care of the church? HOBERT: Oh yeah, yeah. NANCY: Was it ever used for takng care of people who needed it outside the church or for any other purpose? HOBERT: Well to my knowledge yeah it would hav stood for that. I don’t know , they probably would have been, they probably some helped in that way but about everybody has working there at that time and. BERGE: Did you ever hear the term pa—sombody being papered? Page 34 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: You never? HOBERT: No. ( ) BERGE: Well I’ve heard it used as where like the members of the church plans that they give so much money for something. You didn’t have that? HOBERT: We didn’t have that, no. BERGE: Okay. HOBERT: No I’m not a, like the, I’m not against it you know in a way if they ‘d have been giving, now of course you take the missionary Baptist , you know, they take up about every , every service of course. And then they they, they, they, tithe you know. Unfortunately we just ain’t, don’t have that. I ain’t against it as far as that’s concerned if people wants ( ) more than that . . . BERGE: At your church, was that stuff was that determined by the pastor? HOBERT: Well, no, not necessarily. I, I, as far as the timing, see, we, we just don’t have any. Of course, like I say, I’m not that much against it but they do have that in the other churches, you know, these missionary Baptists, they have that and of course I believe in giving because shouldn’t only tithe, you ought to give more than that but then we don’t, we just ain’t never had it there. BERGE: Mm hmm. What, in your church, what do you all think, do about Christmas? Is that a big holiday in church? HOBERT: It wasn’t down there. We didn’t have it down there. We didn’t have no, down there, they usually have a kind of a, over here they usually have a Christmas program for the children, you know, and so on. Over there, now we, we didn’t, we never did do that down there, I don’t think, now unless they did it before we came there. BERGE: When you all lived down there, how many children did you have? You and Mrs. Vaughn? The last time you lived there. HOBERT: Well, we had the, what we got now. We had all five of them but . . . TRUIE: We had five. BERGE: I was going to ask you about how many you got now. ( ) did you get this? NANCY: I’m going to put down their names. BERGE: Ok. Who ( ). Page 35 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �NANCY: Now we’re on your trees. BERGE: Who’s your oldest one? TRUIE: Hazel and Ella Mae. NANCY: M-A-E? TRUIE: Mm hmm. BERGE: E-L-L-A. I love, I like that name, Ella. TRUIE: Yeah. Lois Ann. BERGE: How did you ever pick that name? TRUIE: What name? BERGE: Lois Ann. TRUIE: From my sister-in-law. BERGE: That’s my sister’s name, Lois Ann. TRUIE: And Jeanett. J-E-N-N-E-T. J-E-A-N-E, J-E-A-N-E-T-T. NANCY: Looks good. TRUIE: And Samuel. BERGE: He must have felt lonesome, huh? Boy. NANCY: Come on, we have a family like that too and he’s just fine, he’s as ( ) as he can be. Ok and where were they all born? TRUIE: Well, Hazel’s . . . HOBERT: They was all born out on the ( ) . . . TRUIE: was born, was and Ella Mae was born down at Beechgrove. And Lois Ann was born in and Jeannett and Samuel in Sommerset City Hospital. NANCY: Ok. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 36 �BERGE: When, what I was going to ask you now, when, like that, when you lived down there in ’54? What kind of Christmas did you have? Did you have a Christmas tree in your house? HOBERT: I don’t know. TRUIE: I, I think so. I, as far back as I can remember I always tried to have the kids a Christmas tree. BERGE: What, would you let them cut it in the woods and bring it in? HOBERT: I tell you . . . TRUIE: Yes. HOBERT: ( ) BERGE: Who’s house is this? Is this that last house you lived in? TRUIE: The last one we lived in. BERGE: Now, that’s Lois Ann and Jeannett . . . TRUIE: Well, now . . . BERGE: and are they your . . . TRUIE: Lois Ann and Jeannett and the other two now they’re not mine. They are the neighbor’s kids. BERGE: Were they kins, kin of yours? TRUIE: Some. BERGE: Who was there father? TRUIE: Lawrence Waters. BERGE: ( ). Oh Grace ( )? HOBERT: Grace. TRUIE: Grace ( ), that’s, that’s her kids. BERGE: Oh that’s, that’s her kids, Ok, Ok. Ok. I know who they are now. NANCY: Which one of your kids went down to school at Blue Heron? TRUIE: Hazel. Page 37 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �NANCY: Ok. BERGE: Where’s she live? TRUIE: She lives in Muncie, Indiana. BERGE: Do you think she’d remember going to school there? TRUIE: She may ( ) . . . H: Well now there’s a, they could tell you, they could might tell you a whole lot, I don’t know. BERGE: Look here, TRUIE: She may ( ) . . . BERGE: do me a, do me a favor then. Tell me Hazel’s name and address and phone number up there because when I go up there next week, she might be able for me to talk to her. TRUIE: Let me go in here and get it, I might have it but a few days. HOBERT: She’s got a picture of their old home place up on the creek there hanging on the wall. BERGE: In here? HOBERT: Her daughter took, you know, over there on the fall . . . BERGE: Mm hmm. HOBERT: when the leaves are down. That old house still standing there. NANCY: Do you remember who Hazel’s teacher was when she was there? HOBERT: Mm, no sir I don’t. It was like we said, Ms. Wright, she teached down there, I don’t know, she might have been there when, when she went there. NANCY: Maybe Truie will remember. Do you remember who Hazel’s teacher was when she was at Blue Heron? TRUIE: No, I, I don’t really know. HOBERT: She’ll ( ) . . . TRUIE: I’ll be she’ll remember. She’ll remember, mm hmm. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 38 �HOBERT: Yeah she went down there with her sister-in-law or aunt then . . . TRUIE: Now if you can read this, my little grandson wrote that down. About a couple of weeks ago. BERGE: What’s Hazel’s last name? TRUIE: Perry. P-E-R-R-Y. BERGE: Ok. And her husband’s name? TRUIE: Well, she’s divorced. H: She’s divorced. BERGE: Ok. Ok. But she goes by Hazel Perry? TRUIE: Mm hmm. BERGE: Ok. TRUIE: Yeah she was married to a Perry. BERGE: Ok. NANCY: Truie, BERGE: 9-0-2 . . . NANCY: while he’s doing that, tell me if you can, I’m kind of interested in this, when you all met, did you go to visit her at her house or did you all go to the pictures in Stearns or how did you sort of court? HOBERT: I just, I just went to her house. BERGE: Were you afraid of her father? HOBERT: That and church. I don’t know. It didn’t seem like I was. TRUIE: I went to church and he walked me home and went to the house and . . . BERGE: That’s a story that everybody tells us. TRUIE: stayed til dark, took him home. BERGE: (laughter) NANCY: How long, how long were you courting each other before you got married? Page 39 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �TRUIE: Four months. HOBERT: It was longer than that. TRUIE: No it wasn’t. BERGE: Uh huh. TRUIE: Four months. HOBERT: You know, I was out in there, I was out in there in ’40 and TRUIE: Four months. HOBERT: it was ’42 when we got married. TRUIE: Four months. BERGE: She knows that better than you do, I believe. HOBERT: No, I was out in there, I believe she’s . . . TRUIE: No. I, I do know it. HOBERT: See, time was slow back in there ( ) (laughter) HOBERT: ( ) NANCY: That’s all right, we won’t use that part. HOBERT: I, I didn’t mean it ( ). BERGE: I liked the way you said it, it really was . . . HOBERT: But it was in ’42 when we got married. January ’42. January 23rd. BERGE: Back in those days, like, when you lived down there, when you had your children, you were living down there at mine 18 . . . TRUIE: Mm hmm. BERGE: if you had some out of town gues, friends came in to visit you and were going to have a really big fancy dinner for them . . . Page 40 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �TRUIE: Mm hmm BERGE: what would you fix them? TRUIE: I guess a cake and chicken and dumplings and mashed potatoes and biscuits and slaw and what have you. BERGE: Chicken though. Chicken would have been a big thing, huh? Who had chickens down there? TRUIE: Well there was several families that had chickens down there. Willis Watson, our neighbor, had chickens. And we could always get them at the store then. BERGE: Or ( ) go out and steal one, couldn’t he? HOBERT: You know . . . TRUIE: He go out and steal one, yeah he could have. HOBERT: You know, I don’t know, ( ) or not, but that fall that we moved down there, lived there, in November, in November there was an election coming on then and John Sherman Cooper was running for the Senate then and, in ’54, and it come a big old snow in November not, not a snow before the election. Maybe it was the night before the election and I couldn’t get back to Beechgrove to vote because I had to walk, you know, and I wasn’t going to walk up that mountain to get back there to the precinct so I had taken the voter’s oath to vote there at Blue Heron and he was giving away turkeys and I won that turkey that day. BERGE: You did? HOBERT: I sure did. BERGE: So you got a turkey for Thanksgiving by voting then, didn’t they? HOBERT: Yeah, it did. BERGE: Was it a live turkey? HOBERT: Yeah, it sure was. I won that. BERGE: Did you all have a garden when you were down at Blue Heron? TRUIE: Mm no. H: I believe we tended a little there . . . TRUIE: Mm not down there. Page 41 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �HOBERT: did we or did we not? TRUIE: No. No we didn’t have a garden down there. HOBERT: We probably tended some up on the creek where we moved from and then we moved it down there, I don’t know. ( ) BERGE: Do you remember where you lived and when you first automobile? HOBERT: Yeah. Lived out on the, the mountain out there, like we say. They, they call that, they call that Bald Knob and Beechgrove and ( ) . . . BERGE: They used both names ( ). HOBERT: Waters, Waters, Waters Town and . . . BERGE: Uh huh. HOBERT: I don’t know, it was running back down, you know. BERGE: Down . . . NANCY: Those are all the same thing, aren’t they? BERGE: Yeah, yeah they’re all the same ( ) . . . HOBERT: It’s all on that same ridge there. NANCY: I keep getting confused. BERGE: Henly had thirty-eight children, he had to call up Waters Town . . . HOBERT: I guess so. He had a bunch of them. BERGE: Yeah. H: He had a bunch of them. TRUIE: They called, Bald Knob is farther on up ( ) . . . BERGE: But, but people though, yeah I know, but people use them the same way. TRUIE: Use them, yeah. BERGE: They talk Bald, talk about Bald Knob and Beechgrove is the same place. Page 42 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �TRUIE: Yeah, yeah, they, they use them that way. HOBERT: Yeah, same . . . TRUIE: But when everyone lived there, they had a different name, like you know, Beechgrove and Bald Knob and Water’s Town and . . . BERGE: Now when you were talking about Blue Heron, if you told somebody you want to meet them there, you just said you would meet them at Mine 18, is that right? HOBERT: Most of the time that’s what ( ) because, they just ( ) always called it Mine 18. BERGE: But, but you had to call it Blue Heron when you were giving your address because there was a post office there. HOBERT: Yeah, yeah, they had, they had a post office and, of course, you know, Frank Thomas said it, the Blue Heron name was put on prior to the post office the way he talked but I don’t know if it was or not, really, I, of course, he’d probably know but I know it become Blue Heron after they . . . BERGE: Well, . . . HOBERT: ( ) post office . . . BERGE: whoever told me the story, and I think it was Bill Pryor, he told me that that got the name when it became a post office. H: Well, that’s, that’s . . . BERGE: Because somebody asked him what to call it, remember? When . . . NANCY: I remember that tape, yeah. BERGE: I was interviewing him last year. NANCY: And he said that ( ) . . . BERGE: He said well I named it Blue Heron. Because we had to have a name for it. HOBERT: Well, . . . BERGE: Now it’s on that tape. NANCY: Mm hmm. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 43 �HOBERT: Well, I remember to coming, the name become Blue Heron after they moved the post, made a post office there. But prior to that I just always knowed it as Mine 18. Prior to that. BERGE: Well, I sure want to thank you for telling us all this. Can you think of anything else you’d like to ask them? NANCY: No. ( ) . . . TRUIE: You sure are welcome. NANCY: It’s been nice. BERGE: We’ve taken enough of all your time. And when I call your daughter, I’m going to tell her that, you know, I got the number from you so she’ll know how I got it and everything. TRUIE: I can give you my sister’s address. I don’t know if I H: She lives right there across the street from it. TRUIE: got her telephone number that has the picture of the school. HOBERT: She . . . BERGE: Ok. H: She lives right across the street from her. NANCY: Oh they live right next to each other. HOBERT: Yeah right next to each other. NANCY: So that would be a good trip then, maybe we can ( ) that the same time. HOBERT: ( ) NANCY: Now when we listen to this and we think of more things, if Bill needs to come back and see you again, can he give you a call and come back and ask you some more questions if we think of them when we listen to that? HOBERT: Yeah, if I can, I can be of any help because I’d like to, I, I, I sure, I was sure pleased and enjoyed being down there that day. I really, I really did, I was pleased . . . BERGE: See a lot of people you hadn’t seen in a long time? H: to, you know, ( ) knowing that it, brought back memories, you know, I really, I really enjoyed, I enjoyed working there and, then knowing they are going to fix it back, you know and people can go in Page 44 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �there and visit and all, see, I was one of the last ones that worked there, you know. I pulled the last mantrip across that bridge there. BERGE: You did? HOBERT: Yeah, we worked across the mountain . . . BERGE: Who was with you on there? HOBERT: ( ) side. Huh? BERGE: Who would have been mantrip, do you remember? HOBERT: Well, the foreman is ( ) ( ). BERGE: Who else was some of the ones on that? HOBERT: And . . . TRUIE: That’s her address but her name is Hatie Reel. BERGE: Spell the last name. TRUIE: R-E-E-L. BERGE: Ok. NANCY: And she’s got pictures of school. TRUIE: Mm hmm. NANCY: Do you think we could take this and Xerox it tomorrow, your picture and just bring it back to you and drop it off here so you’ll keep this one but we’ll have that one TRUIE: You sure can. NANCY: for a record until we get the real picture? TRUIE: You sure can. BERGE: Well, do you think it’d be better to ( ) . . . NANCY: Well, I think Michael would like to have ( ) . . . BERGE: No, I meant could we have that picture of your children and have it copied and send it back to you? Page 45 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �TRUIE: Sure. BERGE: But we’d have it to New York to have it copied right. TRUIE: Sure you can. NANCY: Because we have someone who does it . . . BERGE: And I’ll bring them back to you. NANCY: and then we’ll drop this one off too. Because the fellow who is going to be drawing the structure TRUIE: Mm hmm. N: is here this week too. BERGE: Now, let me ask you something about that, Truie. TRUIE: Mm hmm. BERGE: Thelma Wright told me that that school was L shaped. TRUIE: L shaped? BERGE: Mm hmm. HOBERT: I believe she’s right. NANCY: So how would it have gone? BERGE: Come here, I’ll show you. TRUIE: How it would have gone like that without ( ) . . . BERGE: Here’s the, here’s the way she told me it looked. She said there was an ell came out here. Where was the tracks? Up here? HOBERT: Yeah. TRUIE: Right. HOBERT: Yeah. BERGE: Ok, Ok. Page 46 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �HOBERT: Well, I don’t know about, now, they, they, they, it was in a L-shape of the, I believe of the ( ) here. I believe it BERGE: Mm hmm. HOBERT: it come up there and then it, I believe it was . . . NANCY: She said you could see everybody from where you were as a teacher but there was a slight Lshape when you were inside. BERGE: Ok. Here, here, here’s how it was. This side here went back further than this side did. HOBERT: Well, that’s what I say, that’s what I say . . . BERGE: Yeah, that’s what it was. H: That’s what I was saying. BERGE: But the ell was like this. See we’re facing this? HOBERT: Yeah. BERGE: It was, was, as far as it was going to go this way but it went back NANCY: Ok. All right. BERGE: That’s the way it was. NANCY: Ok. BERGE: That’s, that’s the way it was. NANCY: And about . . . BERGE: This was the base of the tipple. NANCY: And about how far was that from the church house? TRUIE: Oh I . . . HOBERT: It’s just a, it was just a slight distance there. BERGE: ( ) William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 47 �HOBERT: I don’t know in the terms of yards or something or other, it wouldn’t have been, it wouldn’t have been very far in distance there. TRUIE: From the church, oh it wouldn’t have been over HOBERT: It wouldn’t have been over a hundred feet if it was that far. TRUIE: It wouldn’t have been a hundred feet from the church. HOBERT: Fifty . . . N: Ok. H: Fifty or it’s something kind of like . . . TRUIE: Now, my sister’s husband, Mike, did a robber HOBERT: She’s ( ) school BERGE: Ok. HOBERT: ( ) next to the railroad, railroad tracks that went up in there and the BERGE: Would . . . HOBERT: church house was a ( ) road . . . BERGE: Would Philip Waters know him? HOBERT: ( ). BERGE: Would Philip know where they live, do you think? HOBERT: Yeah, he, well, I don’t know ( ) . . . TRUIE: ( ) BERGE: ( ) knows all these people are up there, you know. TRUIE: Well, he probably, he, he probably . . . BERGE: He got, he could probably run them down. HOBERT: He probably know, he probably know where ( ) lives now or ( ) . . . TRUIE: Yeah he probably does. Page 48 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �HOBERT: His sister . . . BERGE: You call him Bud? TRUIE: Call him Bud, yeah HOBERT: Her sisters husband is Bud. BERGE: Okay. Yeah Phillip generally helps me , ah, How do you spell Hobert? HOBERT: I spell it H-O-B-E-R-T. BERGE: B-E-R, okay. NANCY: Well I did that wrong. BERGE: Well that’s the way I’ve been writing it all along every time I wrote your name. NANCY: Well I’m going to get it right then. [laughing],. I always only here people’s names on the tape usually, we hardly ever ask people how they spell their names just from not being able to. HOBERT: Well I spell it B-E-R-T. . . BERGE: Some people spell it with A-R-T. HOBERT: and sometimes I write they, other people have spelled it A-R-T. So, I was meaning to ask you something while ago I’ll tell you something. . . BERGE: What was it do you remember? HOBERT: I can’t remember now. It was there something. . . BERGE: Who were, oh I was going to asking you who were some of the last men who worked there with you when you said you ( ) last man trip? HOBERT: Lets see. Dewey Vanover, and Bill Foster, Clifford Wilson, they’re dead now. Bill Foster, Clifford Wilson, Dewey Vanover, of course Dewey lives over in Smithtown. And that is the day crew now, talking of the day crew. They had a second shift too but we worked the day and seemed like ( ) have you ever talked , you ever talked to him? BERGE: No. HOBERT: He lives down the hill on ( ) ridge. Seem like lets see I believe he was working then, I know he was. BERGE: Who were some of the men who worked on the tipple, when you were down there? Page 49 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �HOBERT: Well sir, all during the time there was probably different ones. I don’t know on the last, BERGE: Any time not just on the last. HOBERT: Now on the last of course Sampson Abbott was , Wl Tipple boss, HOBERT: He was the tiple boss. BERGE: Well is he still alive? HOBERT: Yeah. BERGE: Where does he live? HOBERT: He lives up, did live up north Somerset there. BERGE: Okay Hl Out on the , I believe he told me last tike I was up ther it was on the. BERGE: ( ) Harvey was telling me HOBERT: North Somerset, I believe on 27 somewhere north of Somerset. BERGE: Okay HOBERT: But I don’t know whether he’s moved or not. He moves around a lot, or did. BERGE: Um hm. Was Roscoe ( ) working down there at the rend? HOBERT: Ah no not at that time, he, I’ll tell you when they shut down there. They shut down in ’5. . . . BERGE: two HOBERT: Three. ’53 and ah Roscoe and them lets see. Yeah now listen, I’m getting that wrong. They might have come, Roscoe might have come back and work some, I don’tt know for sure whether he did or not. BERGE: I think Roscoe came back and worked after Cack was there. HOBART: Well he might have done it and then he went to Oregon too. He might have come back Roscoe did and work some after Cack ( ). I just, I know I worked for him he was a ofrman. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 50 �BERGE: um hm HOBART: I worked for Roscoe but I cant remember weather it was prior to the shutdown and then ( ) BERGE: is Lilly Mayfield still alive? HOBART: Yeah BERGE: Where does she live TRUIE: ( ) telephone number in Muncie. BERGE: That’s Mill Waters wife isn’t it? HOBART: Yes they live over here on the old 27. On what they call the Dixie there. Back this side. BERGE: Oh, back where Henry waters lives? HOBART: l Yeah just , Henley lives on The left, BERGE: Lester ( ) HOBART: ( ) lives on the BERGE: ( ) HOBART: Yeh, yeh. Well Milt lives on the right there ( ) that curve with that there big brown looking house. BERGE: okay okay. HOBART: he is on the right there as you go into it. It’s a big brown house there on the last there before you get there’s kind of a hollow there betwixt and between. That brown house on the right. BERGE: okay HOBART: And ah. There’s something I wanted to go, I don’t know I let it slip [laughing] Ah of course, it’s very interesting and them things. Like I say, there’s a lot of things that happened. On the west side over there you know there was a fellow named, it was a nickname, He was ( ) Wright, John Wright’s brother. They called him Shorty, I don’t remember what his first name was, I don’t know whether he told anybody or not. But he ( ) over in the brown house BERGE: He lived by himself? HOBART: Yeah he bached there. In that old ( ) house and me and Peter waters, that’s when I was out living on the mountain. We was out walking come down that just down you’se went and filmed that film Page 51 William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 �out there in that next gap out there, what they call the ( ) gap. We come by there before daylight in the morning and Pete hollered at him told him to get himself out of there. But he had a a light on, he liked , he was one of them fellows that liked possum, boy. He’d eat every opossum he could take. And he had shortly arrived. The last time I knowed anything about him he lived over in ( ) but he’s dead now. But he lived in that ( ) house. BERGE: Do you remember when that mule got hanged over there on that ridge? HOBART: Down at ( ) creek? BERGE: No, no the mule got hanged over there on the tipple bridge, did you ever hear that? HOBART: No. but I did hear about ah, some of them may have told you about this. About ( ) Watson, oh not Live Watson Live waters walking that beam there when there wasn’t nothing on that beam there crossing that river that single beam going across there. He was the night watchman down there. BERGE: Yeah somebody told me about that. HOBART: Did they. And after he got out there he said he was afraid to turn around. Said he thought he’d just started home and he try to make it on. He didn’t know whether he’d make it or not. BERGE: Who were some of the real characters that lived down there, guys that were jokers all the time. Who were some of the ones you remember? HOBART: Oh I remember ah, Toots Taylor and old man John Wright, he’s a preacher too. Not John Wright but George King bought . . . [end of side one tape 2] BERGE: Yeah I heard that they really got rude with each other. HOBART: but anyway. If he didn’t, if toots didn’t, next time he’d act like he was mad because he thought it might make George mad. But if he wouldn’t bother George first thing you know you’d see George trying to get on him to get thinking he was mad, you know. Toots acting like he was mad you know. BERGE: I think that was the one ( ) Matthews told us HOBART: Boy they’d have some awful. . . but down in that bathhouse down in the hollow behind I guess they told you about that. They used to have some, well I didn’t ( ) . Boy they about burnt them people up there. They set things afire boy they about burnt ( ) Lewis up one night. They nailed him to the floor then set a big fire, liked to burn him up. [laughter] Set ( ) and ( ) on fire, clothes on fire and everything, he was, his own son done that I think though. BERGE: Which one? William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 52 �HOBART: The oldest one that’s Alonzo. ( ) BERGE: Those were the good old days you think? HOBART: Yeah and then I tell you what I come very near to getting killed there one night though. BERGE: How’d it happen? HOBART: ( ) I was working on supply motor, you know, of course I wasn’t a motorman ( ) working on it. We went up the river there to ( ) mines up the river. We went up there and got a load of coal and was coming back over and they had – have you been up that tram road? BERGE: Um hm. HOBART: well you know there’s a tunnel up there, you know what I’m talking about? BERGE: No I’ve never been up there far. HOBART: Well they had a tunnel and I was walking a triple load and motors way ahead of me, and we had about fifteen or twenty loads. ( ) I was walking that triple load one night after dark and trying to get to the front you know, and I got down for the tunnel and when I got down I laid down till they got out of that outside of the tunnel and I forgot about them there cross bars. That pipe run across the outside and there was a track that run around the outside of the tunnel where they dumped slate ( ) these pipes there swinging ( ) and just as I got through that tunnel I started to raise up and I hit my head against that pipe ( ) ( ) . It struck me right there. And that’s one time buddy if I ‘d had went down on the tracks I ‘d have been cut all to pieces. It knocked me down between the car but I didn’t go down on ( ) BERGE: When you talk about walking cars you was walking on top of them? HOBART: I was walking ( ) had a line I was going through a tunnel and raised up too quickly it busted my cap boy. I think I told the motorman about it. Of course he wouldn’t have known nothing about it if it had cut me all to pieces. BERGE: It really was dangerous work wasn’t it? HOBART: Oh yeah. Lord yeah. I never did, I come out with no broken limbs or nothing ( ) [papers shuffling in background makes it difficult to hear] ( ) BERGE: Do you think that it was probably as bad as it was in the mines, it was just as bad or worse for people who worked in the tipple. Of course you ran hammers. HOBART: Oh yeah. It was as bad or worse inside the mine because for years there you know didn’t have too good of air. BERGE: um hm. William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 53 �HOBART: You could cut that dust ( ) them hammers ( ) so thick you know. At times you know, no air. See you didn’t have [telephone rings] not like it is now. Line safety laws now they got to have air going right up around the face, strong. Back then they didn’t they wasn’t too strict. BERGE: What was the worst accident you ever saw in the mines? HOBART: I never. . . I never saw no one , that got killed. I just saw mashed up with a rock you know. I guess the worst I saw was a roof ( ) man pins top after they got the roof boulders ( 0 was working line 22 up about Co-op, as you go up Co-op ridge in there. And there was a big old rock fell on a guy in there. BERGE: Who was it? HOBART: It was Roger ( ). BERGE: I never heard about that. HOBART: And he uh, it fell on him , if it hadn’t been for his roof load ( ) fell on him ( ) it would have just mashed him all to pieces. Of course we had some men got killed at 18 but I wasn’t around that way. BERGE: um hm. HOBART: ( ) BERGE: Well I guess that—I want to thank you. We have to be going we’ve supposed to meet some people at 9 o’clock and were a little past there now I gue. . . . [end of interview] William H. Berge Oral History Center | Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn | 1984 OH 084 Page 54 � https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/b28c2ff925e46dde8ef460582baee295.mp3 aba2c7a321f351cb0ca090b1a4dffb97 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource The Blue Herron Coal Camp, also known as Mine 18, in McCreary County, was run by the Stearns Coal and Lumber Company from 1938 to 1962. Company managers, miners, and their families discuss coal mining and Stearns, but the interviews focus on the quality of life in the camp and the lives of the women. Blue Herron is now an outdoor museum in the Big South Fork National Park and Recreation Area. The interviews were collected for the United States Army Corps of Engineers for use in the exhibits. Title A name given to the resource Blue Heron Coal Camps Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Berge, William H. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Vaughn, Hobert & Truie Location The location of the interview. Stearns, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:38:34 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1984 OH 084 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/29/1984 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Hobert & Truie Vaughn Blue Heron Coal Camp Blue Heron Quartet churches coal camps family housing Mine 18 Sermons Stearns Coal Company World War II https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/7461c3ccd867c654de93742a0310b2e7.mp3 8a81ee72755607ffa48c9847cdca67e1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Hennings, Parker Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Hennings, Joel Location The location of the interview. Crestwood, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:13:44 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Joel Hennings Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 031 Description An account of the resource Joel Hennings discusses his time in the Air Force, including his experiences during basic and pilot training and his eventual retirement from military service. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/7/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. basic training Childhood family military military life pilot training Retirement United States Air Force veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/eb1fcdbc0e41b888c5c1206b0496d03a.mp3 c6c84d7c739e9b86ad09d16ad0bb660d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Petro, Steve Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Owens, John E. Location The location of the interview. London, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:51:19 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with John E. Owens Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 008 Description An account of the resource John E. Owens details his early life, his decision to enlist in the Army, and his choice to transfer to the National Gruard after 9/11. Owens shares interesting stories from basic training and his deployment to Iraq. Interview conversations also include comments on being an authority figure during conflict, the weight of holding the lives of men in his hands, and the support his family gave him while he was deployed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/21/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. 9/11 Childhood combat deployment family Iraq military military life United States Army United States National Guard veterans VTS 200 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-2019 Description An account of the resource The important place that Mountain Horses hold in Kentucky equine history cannot be underestimated. Before the advent of a dominant and rich horse racing culture, which began in earnest in the United States after the American Stud Book began keeping records in the 1860s, horses were vital to American life. From sprawling urban areas to the hills and mountains of Appalachia and the West, horses were a central component in the American experience. Buggies, plows and other farm related technologies all depended on horse power. The Appalachian Horse Oral History Project (AHOHP) investigates the historical and contemporary meaning of the mountain horse by interviewing an extended list of horse advocates, breeders and supporting persons that are part of the mountain horse industry and culture. The AHOHP includes persons from all three of the major mountain horse breed registries: Rocky Mountain Horse Association, Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Association and the Mountain Pleasure Association. The collection of these histories and available transcripts were funded by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. <br /><br />In collaboration with faculty from Well College (NY), the University of Northern British Columbia, and Middle Tennessee State University, the Appalachian Horse Oral History Project team developed a digital museum exhibit to demonstrate the interconnected themes that appear within the AHOHP. To learn more and view curated content, complete with options to dig deeper and explore from different angles, head on over to the <a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a54d677c71fc40689e622aaa5cb149cf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Horse that Built Kentucky</a> Subject The topic of the resource Horses Title A name given to the resource Appalachian Horse Oral History Project Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. XML This field is for OHMS XML files 2016oh004-fore.xml Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Powell, Shelby Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Fore, Jonathon Location The location of the interview. Irvine, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :24:49 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Funding Source Includes the funding source of the original project, indexes, transcriptions and digitization if funded outside EKU. Input as: transcription: KOHC etc. The Appalachian Horse Oral History Project interviews and transcriptions were funded by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. Indexer Samantha Macfarlane OHMS Object This field contains the OHMS Hyperlink (link to the XML file within the OHMS Viewer). https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=2016oh004-fore.xml https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=2016oh004-fore.xml Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2016oh004 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jonathon Fore Description An account of the resource John Fore comments on showing Rocky Mountain Horses, governance in the Rocky Mountain Horse Association, and the local horse community. Fore also details the pride he feels when he considers his time raising Rocky Mountain Horses on his family farm, which is just two miles from where the breed began. In addition, Fore also comments on the psychology of human and horse interactions. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/14/2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>; Crabbe Library; Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions; rights and permission to publish. Blaine Fore family Franklin Johnson horses Rocky Mountain Horse Association showing horses https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/9ea74aebcb5ec735308dbfd05920e6f8.mp3 7c651c14cc6429638b5d3d968f491528 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Feminisms in Practice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 to Present Description An account of the resource Women and Gender Studies (WGS) capstone students investigate the formation of feminist values and the resulting practical application of feminist theory through conducting oral history interviews with feminist mentors who have impacted their worldview, perspective or approach to concepts of equity and identity (ascribed, prescribed, self-assigned, etc.), and, the social, economic, religious and/or political influences on gender. Additional interviews will be added as the project grows through time and more WGS students contribute to the collection. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Baumgart, Rebecca Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Smith, Joyce L. Location The location of the interview. Louisville, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :56:03 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Indexer Rebecca Baumgart Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2019 OH 064 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Joyce L. Smith Description An account of the resource Joyce Smith covers her life up until her time in the military. She discusses her relationship with her mother and father and how it differed growing up, when compared to today. She talks about her life in the Army and how it shaped her into who she is today, as well as provided her with her beautiful children. Finally, she discusses why she would not consider herself a feminist by 2019 standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/29/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications,</a> and permission to publish. divorce family parenting United States Army https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/99266db049225c1e4f154fdc11db6dcf.mp3 970ca3cd54d92d760051f901f6a5acf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Cinnamond, Carson Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Giley, Katie Location The location of the interview. Fredricksburg, VA Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:01:33 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Katie Gilley Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 016 Description An account of the resource Katie Gilley discusses her life in the Marine Corps, her basic training experiences, and her work in broadcasting and print media. In particular, Gilley discusses the people she met while working in Vietnam, female Marines, discrimination in the Marines, and life after the military. She also comments on the GI Bill, starting a family, and shares her thoughts on how the military treats women. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. basic training broadcasting enlistment family G.I. Bill gender Georgia Leatherneck Magazine military military life Soiuth Carolina United States Marine Corps veterans videographer Vietnam VTS 200 women Marines https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/21e8418e849478897e1481d19bd4735f.mp3 48e4495e40db375bfa9c1a57c8a783d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Wells, Delta Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Sterns, Kenneth, Jr. Location The location of the interview. Somerset,KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:12:56 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Kenneth Sterns Jr. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 060 Description An account of the resource Kenneth Sterns Jr. discusses his time in the United States Army, the difficulties of basic traning, what the service taught him, and his opinions on the current military. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/20/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. basic training enlistment family military military life Today's military. United States Army United States Army Infantry veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/aeb35bca8fd2a8436419505054706654.mp3 7755a1eef98ee84dcff1ff5b59dda61f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Feminisms in Practice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 to Present Description An account of the resource Women and Gender Studies (WGS) capstone students investigate the formation of feminist values and the resulting practical application of feminist theory through conducting oral history interviews with feminist mentors who have impacted their worldview, perspective or approach to concepts of equity and identity (ascribed, prescribed, self-assigned, etc.), and, the social, economic, religious and/or political influences on gender. Additional interviews will be added as the project grows through time and more WGS students contribute to the collection. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Maynard, Allison Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Smithers, Krista Location The location of the interview. Lexington, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :46:57 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Indexer Allison Maynard Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2019 OH 059 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Krista Smithers Description An account of the resource Krista Smithers talks about learning from her mother in a rural factory town, facing gender inequality throughout her life, and her commitment to hard work and equality. She transfers the values she learned from her mother into her education in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Smithers also discusses her passion for animals and the environment, in particular, the use of harmful plastics, which is the focus of her up coming thesis and an area of study that she hopes to build a career upon. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/27/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications,</a> and permission to publish. family rural Kentucky wage gap Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 0030-010-130 Description An account of the resource This project was done in conjunction with two others: Kentucky County Judges and Kentucky School Superintendents. The purpose of the three projects was to document Kentucky politics by interviewing politically astute members of the local power structure (judges and school superintendents) and observers of local politics (newspaper editors and owners). Journalists discuss politics in their counties, their roles and influence in the history of their counties, and their personal histories and careers. Almost all Kentucky counties are represented. Title A name given to the resource Kentucky Newspaper Editors Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Smith, David Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Caldwell, Larry Location The location of the interview. Stanford, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:18:08 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none XML This field is for OHMS XML files 1979oh187-caldwell.xml Funding Source Includes the funding source of the original project, indexes, transcriptions and digitization if funded outside EKU. Input as: transcription: KOHC etc. Project funded and indexed by the Kentucky Oral History Commission Indexer Crystal Allen-Daniels OHMS Object This field contains the OHMS Hyperlink (link to the XML file within the OHMS Viewer). https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=1979oh187-caldwell.xml Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1979 OH 187 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4/6/1979 Description An account of the resource In this interview, Larry Caldwell, editor of the Stanford Interior Journal, discusses his background and the problems of publishing a newspaper. He also discusses his family's purchase of the paper. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Larry Caldwell circulation county correspondents Decision Makers education family Interior Journal Kentucky Press Association Lincoln County KY newspaper editors withheld news https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/296c093f73e36098bfb363acb95671ed.mp3 1a01088a4604acb1d1d2551ede15b8e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Gould, James Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Broome, Lawrence Location The location of the interview. Mt. Holly, SC Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:28:22 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Lawrence Broome Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 067 Description An account of the resource Lawrence Broome discusses his time in the Air Force. In particular, Broome comments on the relationships he made, how he stayed in touch with family, the challenges of facing combat, and the regrets he has about his retirement. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/21/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. combat family military military life regrets Retirement Rocket Attacks San Antonio Servicing Aircrafts United States Air Force veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/a090178d89566c3fccb75819a3ed6097.mp3 5738b7fa9cc46b524bcc6f6645d93018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kentucky Prison System Description An account of the resource This series focuses on the history and development of the Kentucky prison system, with emphasis on social forces and the political environment in state government. Wardens, parole board members, commissioners of corrections, prison employees, and former governor Edward T. Breathitt, Jr., discuss the partial destruction of the Kentucky Reformatory by the 1937 flood, the construction of the Kentucky State Reformatory at LaGrange and the Correctional Institution for Women near Pewee Valley in 1938, the effects of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, and the results of Judge Edward H. Johnstone's consent decree in 1980: reduction of the population as the Kentucky State Penitentiary and the Kentucky State Reformatory, enhanced programs and services for prisoner rehabilitation, and the largest ever state allocation of funds for the prison system. The interviews also document the activities of corrections personnel. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data cassette Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 705kbps Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Reedy, Charles H. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Moore, Lester Location The location of the interview. Eddyville, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :58:05 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1983 OH 032 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/10/1982 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Lester Moore capital punishment Eddyville State Penitentiary family homosexuality Prison Guards Prisons Smuggling Volunteer Fire Department wardens https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/5dd5b23edf0babe3aae4cfdb348b5e3e.mp3 c8992a448496b5b33d462ff4cf2688f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Anderson, Errin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Schmidt, Marcel T. Location The location of the interview. San Jose, CA Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:58:42 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Marcel T. Schmidt Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 061 Description An account of the resource Ret. Lt. Col. Marcel T. Schmidt details his twenty-three year career in the Air Force. In particular, Lt. Col. Schmidt recalls memories of his father in Vietnam as a child, and comments on getting a masters degree before enlisting and his experiences while serving in Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield. Schmidt also comments on staying in touch with his family while away, and juggling life challenges while moving his family every couple of years. The interview wraps up with discussions about transitioning back to civilian life, the toll his body has taken, and he shares his advice to people who are thinking about joining the military. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. basic training Childhood Civilian life combat Desert Shield education F-16 family Kuwait military military life pilot training society. United States Air Force veterans VTS 200 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource This project focuses on approximately fifteen small towns in Kentucky, their citizens, character, and changes that have taken place. For the purposes of this project, a small town is defined as one whose population is under 2,500 people. Towns representing a cross section of Kentucky small town life were chosen for this project, from a variety of areas of the state. Interviews were conducted to find out what life in a small town was like, what problems these small towns have had, how the towns have changed over time, and how the inhabitants have changed. Interviewees also discuss the vitality of their town. Only a small number of available items are online. More will be added as time permits. Title A name given to the resource Small Towns Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Peavley, J. Leslie Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Perkins, Martha Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. no Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1994oh108 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Martha Perkins Description An account of the resource Retired Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/28/1994 Community House Damon's Swimming Pool Elkton KY family Great Depression Memories H.G. Davis Petrie Memorial Methodist Church Recreation teachers Vanderbilt Training School https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/7980e3e9ea1a69ca2ae599eb1a42ae62.mp3 61a876d1d6dd2c7256aae9d104b13e0f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Taunton, Evan Sean Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Morris, Michael Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:26:19 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Michael Morris Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 063 Description An account of the resource Micheal Morris discusses his time in the United States Air Force. In particular, Morris commetns on being an aircraft electrician, his deployments and the many places he traveled to while enlisted. Morris also details the awards and citiations he earned, and, shares comments on how his service helped him in his civilian job. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Aircraft electrician deployment family Germany Italy marriages medals military military life Norway training United Kingdom United States Air Force veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/5287ed6b11aa88b5a09b54705e868025.mp3 91c99c3d0c5fe03bb37770f38a9ebe2c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Whitney, William Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Navalta, Michael, Jr. Location The location of the interview. Robstown, TX Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:05:14 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Michael Navalta Jr. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 115 Description An account of the resource Michael Navalta Jr. recounts his time in the United States Army. In particular, Navalta comments on his specialized education, infantry training, and pushing his limits. He also discusses his deployments, the dangers that came with them, SERE training, and the medals he was awarded. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/23/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Baghdad basic training Civilian life combat family Fort Benning Fort Hood Georgia Humvee IED Iraq Kuwait medals military military life mortars SERE training Texas United States Army veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/d9b31f354e653c06e68411155b9200be.mp3 b83095630fee209b236b4bc366f68f63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource The following collection of interviews were conducted by Dr. Ed Fredrickson's Honors 312/20 students during the Fall 2015 and 2016 semester. Food and Society, the course listing title, focused on agricultural producers, the farmers markets they participated in, and, in general, the lifestyles that they chose to live. Once completed, the interviews served as a primary source for a newspaper article or press release that they were expected to submit to local newspapers. Title A name given to the resource Food and Society Project Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Brashear, Sarah & Ivan Olivas Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Todd, Michael Location The location of the interview. Paint Lick, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :31:13 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2016oh039 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Michael Todd Description An account of the resource Michael Todd discusses the struggles of farming in Kentucky. Interview topics include discussions over balancing farming and family, and the benefits of raising a family on a farm. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/2/2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>; Crabbe Library; Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions; rights and permission to publish. agriculture cattle family farming https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/b8027884abcdcd2d8ecd1ff4af64b5e8.mp3 edbb4ee78bd1d25e7f4b7b66c3c328e1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Wallace, Micah Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Weir, Michael Location The location of the interview. Lexington, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:26:59 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Michael Weir Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 094 Description An account of the resource Michael Weir discusses his service in the United States Navy. In particular, Weir comments on continuing the family tradition of Naval service, his time in basic training, being away from his family, his positions as a corpsman and a resuce swimmer, and the cultural differences he experienced with each deployment. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/23/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Afghanistan basic training brotherhood Childhood combat Corpsman family mental health military military life reintegration Religion rescue swimmer skills United States Navy veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/791fbb376aabba51e2e9c35e50cab963.mp3 ddc08437d5aa9f4fbbd2b61731a1bee9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Zawodniak, Theresa Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Branchcomb, Ramon Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:12:32 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ramon Branchcomb Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 121 Description An account of the resource Ramon Branchcomb discusses his time in the United States Army. In particular, he comments on his time in basic training and his resulting service. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. basic training Civilian life deployment family Fort Campbell Fort Knox Kentucky military military life Military Occupational Specialties Tennessee United States Army veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/3a0ecbe47ee6b31134c7c8e16c6dbadc.mp3 778a92b401bf7a56e7cdb1d23ac8dceb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Feminisms in Practice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 to Present Description An account of the resource Women and Gender Studies (WGS) capstone students investigate the formation of feminist values and the resulting practical application of feminist theory through conducting oral history interviews with feminist mentors who have impacted their worldview, perspective or approach to concepts of equity and identity (ascribed, prescribed, self-assigned, etc.), and, the social, economic, religious and/or political influences on gender. Additional interviews will be added as the project grows through time and more WGS students contribute to the collection. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mears, Brandi Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Turner, Raven N. Location The location of the interview. Frankfort, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:06:11 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2019 OH 050 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Raven N. Turner Description An account of the resource Raven Turner reflects on her childhood memories, past jobs, and her educational experiences; all of which led to her becoming a Family Law Attorney. She comments on how women are represented in both the legal and political climates of today. Turner also provides her own advice on current issues that women face, including women's rights and the gender pay gap. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications,</a> and permission to publish. family gender discrimination Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-2019 Description An account of the resource The important place that Mountain Horses hold in Kentucky equine history cannot be underestimated. Before the advent of a dominant and rich horse racing culture, which began in earnest in the United States after the American Stud Book began keeping records in the 1860s, horses were vital to American life. From sprawling urban areas to the hills and mountains of Appalachia and the West, horses were a central component in the American experience. Buggies, plows and other farm related technologies all depended on horse power. The Appalachian Horse Oral History Project (AHOHP) investigates the historical and contemporary meaning of the mountain horse by interviewing an extended list of horse advocates, breeders and supporting persons that are part of the mountain horse industry and culture. The AHOHP includes persons from all three of the major mountain horse breed registries: Rocky Mountain Horse Association, Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Association and the Mountain Pleasure Association. The collection of these histories and available transcripts were funded by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. <br /><br />In collaboration with faculty from Well College (NY), the University of Northern British Columbia, and Middle Tennessee State University, the Appalachian Horse Oral History Project team developed a digital museum exhibit to demonstrate the interconnected themes that appear within the AHOHP. To learn more and view curated content, complete with options to dig deeper and explore from different angles, head on over to the <a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a54d677c71fc40689e622aaa5cb149cf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Horse that Built Kentucky</a> Subject The topic of the resource Horses Title A name given to the resource Appalachian Horse Oral History Project Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. XML This field is for OHMS XML files 2016oh006-lawson.xml Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Eggett, Kailyn Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Lawson, Robert Location The location of the interview. Paris, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :35:50 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Funding Source Includes the funding source of the original project, indexes, transcriptions and digitization if funded outside EKU. Input as: transcription: KOHC etc. The Appalachian Horse Oral History Project interviews and transcriptions were funded by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. Indexer Samantha Macfarlane OHMS Object This field contains the OHMS Hyperlink (link to the XML file within the OHMS Viewer). https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=2016oh006-lawson.xml https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=2016oh006-lawson.xml Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2016oh006 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Robert Lawson Description An account of the resource Robert Lawson, a horse trainer from Paris KY, discusses Rocky Mountain Horses, the show circuit, and some of the challenges that the horses and show men and women face. He also comments on his career as a horse trainer, and the resulting personal and professional changes that he has experienced since he began working with Rocky Mountain Horses. Lawson also details how important the horses are to his family, lifestyle, and community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/3/2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>; Crabbe Library; Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions; rights and permission to publish. family horse shows horse training Rocky Mountain Horse Association Rocky Mountain Horses showing horses Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-2019 Description An account of the resource The important place that Mountain Horses hold in Kentucky equine history cannot be underestimated. Before the advent of a dominant and rich horse racing culture, which began in earnest in the United States after the American Stud Book began keeping records in the 1860s, horses were vital to American life. From sprawling urban areas to the hills and mountains of Appalachia and the West, horses were a central component in the American experience. Buggies, plows and other farm related technologies all depended on horse power. The Appalachian Horse Oral History Project (AHOHP) investigates the historical and contemporary meaning of the mountain horse by interviewing an extended list of horse advocates, breeders and supporting persons that are part of the mountain horse industry and culture. The AHOHP includes persons from all three of the major mountain horse breed registries: Rocky Mountain Horse Association, Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Association and the Mountain Pleasure Association. The collection of these histories and available transcripts were funded by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. <br /><br />In collaboration with faculty from Well College (NY), the University of Northern British Columbia, and Middle Tennessee State University, the Appalachian Horse Oral History Project team developed a digital museum exhibit to demonstrate the interconnected themes that appear within the AHOHP. To learn more and view curated content, complete with options to dig deeper and explore from different angles, head on over to the <a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a54d677c71fc40689e622aaa5cb149cf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Horse that Built Kentucky</a> Subject The topic of the resource Horses Title A name given to the resource Appalachian Horse Oral History Project Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. XML This field is for OHMS XML files 2016oh007-little.xml Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Eggett, Kailyn Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Little, Robin Location The location of the interview. Jeffersonville, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:01:40 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. none Funding Source Includes the funding source of the original project, indexes, transcriptions and digitization if funded outside EKU. Input as: transcription: KOHC etc. The Appalachian Horse Oral History Project interviews and transcriptions were funded by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. Indexer Samantha Macfarlane OHMS Object This field contains the OHMS Hyperlink (link to the XML file within the OHMS Viewer). https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=2016oh007-little.xml https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=2016oh007-little.xml Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2016oh007 Title A name given to the resource Interview with Robin Little Description An account of the resource Robin Little, President of the Mountain Pleasure Horse Association, discusses the differences between Rocky Mountain and Mountain Pleasure Horses, and the horse culture that she is proud to have grown up around. Little also comments on her family's 3rd generation horse breeding program, the importance of equine education, the drill team she manages, and the various camps she runs or supports. The camps that are discussed use Mountain Pleasure Horses as therapy animals for those in need. Little also provides details on numerous horse events, including the Breyer Fest, and the Kentucky Horse Park's Parade of Breeds. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/9/2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>; Crabbe Library; Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions; rights and permission to publish. 4-H Clubs Bryer Fest Bryer Horses education family horse breeding horses Kentucky Association of the Deaf & Blind Marian Stamper Mountain Pleasure Horse Association Paul Stamper Rockin R Farm trail riding https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/3c3a62daa24c0c5e7769667872bf8f70.mp3 5bd863c49f3602474e739e6ce8186ed4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Robertson, Tamiko Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Memminger, Shannon Location The location of the interview. Seattle, WA Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:37:00 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Shannon Memminger Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 117 Description An account of the resource Shannon Memminger discusses his career in the United States Army. In particular, Memminger comments on his choice to enlist, and his experiences and observations within the confines of race, gender and culture. He also shares his thoughts on the military industral complex and how the military has become more like a business. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Afghanistan family gender Iraq Lt. Gen. Gwen Bingham Lt. Gen. Nadja West military military life President Obama race ROTC United States Army Values veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/4d7f1ea3b71de0d210025400185758d5.mp3 5c6518d25cfd8ff90e6a6e51ddf0c67d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Aguirre, Charli Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Flynn, Tabatha Location The location of the interview. Somerset, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:54:59 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Tabatha Flynn Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 012 Description An account of the resource Tabatha Flynn details her childhood in a small town and her choice to enlist in the Army. In particular, Flynn comments on basic training, her combat medic experiences, and the moral and mental struggles of combat. Flynn also discusses her return to civilian life, starting a family, and her major take aways from military service. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/20/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. barrack life basic training Battle Buddies cilvilian life combat enlistment family military military life Military Occupational Specialties United States Army United States Navy veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/2de4543d88d707291ed82ddc0b989a95.mp3 75a8a4e337adc38d498a89a41ebe4340 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Arrowood, Nancy Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Turner, Talbert G. Location The location of the interview. Jackson, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:19:02 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Talbert G. Turner Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 027 Description An account of the resource Talbert G. Turner discusses his choice to enlist in the United States Navy and the experiences that helped him transition back into civilian life. In particular, Turner shares his methods for staying calm under stress, the free time in the evenings that his postion granted him, his advice for people thinking of joining, and his thoughts on how the Veteran Affiars Department treats its verterans. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/15/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. basic training enlistment family G.I. Bill military military life Pressures United States Navy VA veterans VTS 200 https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/354cc89055bf0b6d0e52b0e6a7fcda9d.mp3 97952c00d68b0c11910968ede0cb598c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Jessica Gaffney Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Gaffney, Timothy J., Jr. Location The location of the interview. Scotia, NY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:36:12 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Timothy J. Gaffney Jr. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 095 Description An account of the resource Timothy J. Gaffney Jr. recounts his time in the Air National Guard. In particular, Gaffney comments on his enlistment path, basic training in Texas, and his job in fire protection. He also detilas the rigours of training continuously, the travel that came with it, as well as his reasons for re-enlisting. He also covers the effects his service has had on his family, and the ways his military training helped him become a better firefighter. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/18/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Air National Guard basic training education family Goodfellow AFB Lackland Air Force Base military military life re-enlistment San Angelo San Antonio Stratton Air Force Base tech school Texas veterans VTS 200 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource This project was done in conjunction with two others: Kentucky School Superintendents and Kentucky Newspaper Editors. The purpose of the three projects was to document Kentucky politics by interviewing politically astute members of the local power structure (judges and school superintendents) and observers of local politics (newspaper editors and owners). Kentucky county judges discuss the changes resulting from the new judicial system that came about during the 1970s, their personal histories, their careers and judicial activities, their influence in Kentucky county government, and the political and economic history of Kentucky counties Title A name given to the resource Kentucky County Judges Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Smith, David Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Baker, Location The location of the interview. Harlan, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :35:09 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. no XML This field is for OHMS XML files 1979oh159-baker.xml Funding Source Includes the funding source of the original project, indexes, transcriptions and digitization if funded outside EKU. Input as: transcription: KOHC etc. Project Funded by the Kentucky Oral History Commission OHMS Object This field contains the OHMS Hyperlink (link to the XML file within the OHMS Viewer). https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=1979oh159-baker.xml Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1979 OH 159 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/23/1979 Description An account of the resource In this interview, Tipton Baker discusses his education and career as an eighth grade educator, and the path he took to becoming a judge. He was not happy with the Judicial Referendum nor his years as a judge. Baker concludes that he was not a political person, but his good working relationships with officials made his election possible. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact Special Collections and Archives Crabbe Library Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions rights and permission to publish. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Tipton Baker Decision Makers family Gubernatorial Elections judicial referendum state officials Teaching Career https://oralhistory.eku.edu/files/original/20f57830f42414b5ef2246a933215dd5.mp3 a0668488f7cde62fcfc6104f72cb53e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019-Present Description An account of the resource EKU Veterans Studies (VTS) was the nation’s first academic program designed to teach students about the unique identities, cultures, and experiences of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. VTS courses combine critical inquiry, civic engagement, and meaningful interactions between veterans and non-veterans to dispel stereotypes, highlight veterans’ strengths, and consider the veteran’s role in American society. A key component of VTS 200 Introduction to Veterans Studies is the oral history recording completed for the William H. Berge Center. In-person and online students located throughout the country go out into their home communities each year and find veterans with unique stories and perspectives to share. These veterans come from all backgrounds and eras of service. In completing these recordings, EKU students gain real-world archival experience, deepen their understandings of course content, and engage in the type of dialogue with veterans that can help bridge the divide between military and civilian cultures. Title A name given to the resource Veterans Studies Project Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Baines, Jason Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Bare, Tyler Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:16:49 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. None Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Tyler Bare Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2020 OH 070 Description An account of the resource Tyler Bare discusses his time in the United States Marine Corps., his training and deployment to Afghanistan, what it's like to live through combat, and how he coped with witnessing fellow Marines die in combat. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/16/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, <a href="https://archives.eku.edu/audio-visual-duplication-form">duplications</a>, rights and permission to publish. Afghanistan basic training Civilian life death family KIA military military life Okinawa Japan Quantico training United States Marine Corps veterans Virginia VTS 200 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource This project was done in conjunction with two others: Kentucky County Judges and Kentucky Newspapers. The purpose of the three projects was to document Kentucky politics by interviewing politically astute members of the local power structure (judges and school superintendents) and observers of local politics (newspaper editors and owners). School superintendents discuss Kentucky politics, education, their personal histories and careers, and their roles and influence in the social and political history of their counties. Almost every county is represented. A revisit of the project was launched in the fall of 2019 with the help of Kentucky Oral History Commission grant funding and the efforts of Nate Daniels and Crystal Allen-Daniels. Additional interviews will be added as second phase interviews are collected and processed into the collection. Title A name given to the resource Kentucky School Superintendents Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Berge, William H. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Slusher, William Location The location of the interview. Pineville, KY Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:08:48 Restrictions A notation on restrictions placed by the interviewee. no XML This field is for OHMS XML files 1979oh147-slusher.xml Funding Source Includes the funding source of the original project, indexes, transcriptions and digitization if funded outside EKU. Input as: transcription: KOHC etc. Funded and indexed by the Kentucky Oral History Commission. Indexer Crystal Allen-Daniels OHMS Object This field contains the OHMS Hyperlink (link to the XML file within the OHMS Viewer). https://omeka.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=1979oh147-slusher.xml Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1979oh147 Title A name given to the resource Interview with William Slusher Description An account of the resource In this interview, William Slusher, Retired Superintendent of 42 years in the Bell County School System, discusses hid education, decision to become Superintendent, the biggest changes in education, contributions he's made, the School Board, etc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/2/1979 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish. budget Decision Makers education family KU Road Repair School Board Elections School Board Members State Department of Education Transportation